{"id":1752,"date":"2022-08-26T15:42:53","date_gmt":"2022-08-26T13:42:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/enpc.ergeais.com\/?p=1752"},"modified":"2025-07-29T14:54:11","modified_gmt":"2025-07-29T12:54:11","slug":"urban-resilience-the-example-of-heat-waves","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/en\/articles\/urban-resilience-the-example-of-heat-waves\/","title":{"rendered":"Urban resilience: the example of heat waves"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n
\"\"
Paris \u00a9 Arnaud Bouissou \/ Terra, 2012.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

As highlighted in a Senate report<\/a>, action must be taken now to ensure our resilience to the future impacts of climate change. To do this, we need to take a closer look at heat waves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The heat waves that have occurred in recent years are some of the first extreme events attributable to anthropogenic climate change<\/a>.<\/a> The risk of heat waves, which was almost non-existent in Paris before the 1980s, has increased markedly in recent year<\/a>s. The 2003 heat wave<\/a>, which was the most severe ever observed, is particularly symbolic, with an estimated impact of 15,000 deaths in France<\/a> (Figure 1).<\/a> Many actions have since been put in place to combat heat waves, but they continue to pose a public health challenge<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Daily number of deaths in France from January 1 to December 31. Each line represents a year from 2001 to 2018. The peak of deaths related to the 2003 heat wave is particularly evident \u00a9 Vincent Vigui\u00e9.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

How will we manage to adapt to such events?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Part of the answer comes from the observation of regions with a warmer climate: the temperatures measured during the 2003 heat wave in Paris are comparable to those usually experienced in the summer in the South of Spain, in Andalusia for example. These temperatures do not cause a health crisis every year, for two main reasons. Firstly, the practices of the inhabitants are different from those we have in France: working hours are adapted to high temperatures and people are more aware of risky behaviors (not going jogging in the middle of the day, for example). Secondly, the infrastructure is not the same as in Paris. Traditional housing has few openings to the south and the patios are a way to create a pocket of coolness serving the whole house. Parisian housing does not have these characteristics at all, because it was designed for a much cooler climate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Build appropriate infrastructure<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The majority of the housing we build today will still be around in several decades, so it is important that we take into account the future climate. This is no trivial issue, as it means designing housing that is suitable for both current and future climates. This is one of the challenges of adaptation to climate change. As the climate evolves gradually, it requires infrastructures with a long life span to be adapted not to a given climate, but to a multitude of climates that will follow one another throughout the life of the infrastructure. These impacts are not necessarily well known today. There are still many uncertainties about the magnitude of future climate change, if only because we cannot know how much greenhouse gas will be emitted in the world in the coming years. This means we need to take large safety margins, making the problem even more complex.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The issue is even more difficult for existing housing. While we have just about every choice for the homes we will build in the future, the margins for action are very narrow on those that were built in the past. Will it be necessary to destroy or disfigure the Haussmann buildings in the center of Paris in order to adapt them to a warmer climate? The question is open and far from being decided. Many researchers are currently working on these issues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Large-scale solutions<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Research conducted at CIRED in collaboration with the CSTB and M\u00e9t\u00e9o-France has studied the extent to which the insulation of apartments, the installation of reflective roofs on buildings, and the intensive planting of vegetation in Paris and the inner suburbs could help cool the air in the streets and in homes during heat waves (see Figure 2). The simulations carried out indicate that it is possible to induce significant cooling by this means, but that it will not be sufficient to ensure the health of the inhabitants during the strong heat waves projected in a few decades. Other measures (relocation of people at risk, daily use of cooling wells, etc.) should therefore be considered if we want to avoid massive use of air conditioning, or at least limit it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cooling obtained in the event of a heat wave by the installation of reflective roofs, insulation of buildings and intensive vegetation of urbanized areas in Ile-de-France<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\"\"
Data source: INSEE). Image from: VIGUI\u00c9, Vincent et al<\/em>. 2020. Early adaptation to heat waves and future reduction of air-conditioning energy use in Paris. Environmental Research Letters<\/em> [online], 2 July 2020, vol. 15, no. 7. Available at: http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab6a24<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Maladaptation: a vicious cycle<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

This last point illustrates another issue of adaptation: the risk of maladaptation.This refers to adapting to the impacts of climate change while making the problem worse. Air conditioning is a perfect example: it is a solution that solves the difficulties we have raised above (with efficient air conditioning, the problem of insulating buildings against heat is no longer a problem), but which, by consuming a lot of energy, can lead to high greenhouse gas emissions and thus aggravate climate change itself. The heat created by air conditioners on the streets also contributes to higher air temperatures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avoiding maladaptation, overcoming uncertainties about the future climate, adapting to an ever-changing climate: the adaptation we must make is not a simple one. It requires know-how and adequate techniques. However, research is making great strides on these topics and adaptation, done well, can be very effective in reducing our vulnerability and the future cost of climate change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Text adapted from an article published in Le Cahier des Ponts N\u00b04<\/a>, La r\u00e9silience urbaine, March 2021.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

As highlighted in a Senate report, action must be taken now to ensure our resilience to the future impacts of […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":1513,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_related_content_post":[],"_related_content_subject":[937,936],"_related_content_author":[1754],"_related_content_category":[1716],"_related_content_folder":[4231],"_excerpt":"Vincent Vigui\u00e9, a researcher at the International Environment and Development Research Center (CIRED<\/a>), discusses urban resilience in the face of climate change, looking at the tricky issue of heat waves, particularly in Paris.","_duration":4,"_manual_duration":false,"footnotes":""},"article-types":[27],"class_list":["post-1752","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","article-types-folder"],"has_blocks":true,"block_data":[{"blockName":"enpc\/excerpt","attrs":{"lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"","innerContent":[],"rendered":""},{"blockName":"core\/image","attrs":{"id":1518,"sizeSlug":"large","linkDestination":"none","align":"wide","blob":"","url":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/CDP_4_00_couverture-0-1024x681.png","alt":"","caption":"Paris \u00a9 Arnaud Bouissou \/ Terra, 2012.","lightbox":[],"title":"","href":"","rel":"","linkClass":"","width":"","height":"","aspectRatio":"","scale":"","linkTarget":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"wp-block-image alignwide size-large","style":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n

\"\"
Paris \u00a9 Arnaud Bouissou \/ Terra, 2012.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","innerContent":["\n
\"\"
Paris \u00a9 Arnaud Bouissou \/ Terra, 2012.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"],"rendered":"\n
\"\"
Paris \u00a9 Arnaud Bouissou \/ Terra, 2012.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":"As highlighted in a Senate report, action must be taken now to ensure our resilience to the future impacts of climate change. To do this, we need to take a closer look at heat waves.","dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n

As highlighted in a Senate report<\/a>, action must be taken now to ensure our resilience to the future impacts of climate change. To do this, we need to take a closer look at heat waves.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n

As highlighted in a Senate report<\/a>, action must be taken now to ensure our resilience to the future impacts of climate change. To do this, we need to take a closer look at heat waves.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n

As highlighted in a Senate report<\/a>, action must be taken now to ensure our resilience to the future impacts of climate change. To do this, we need to take a closer look at heat waves.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":"The heat waves that have occurred in recent years are some of the first extreme events attributable to anthropogenic climate change. The risk of heat waves, which was almost non-existent in Paris before the 1980s, has increased markedly in recent years. The 2003 heat wave, which was the most severe ever observed, is particularly symbolic, with an estimated impact of 15,000 deaths in France (Figure 1). Many actions have since been put in place to combat heat waves, but they continue to pose a public health challenge.","dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n

The heat waves that have occurred in recent years are some of the first extreme events attributable to anthropogenic climate change<\/a>.<\/a> The risk of heat waves, which was almost non-existent in Paris before the 1980s, has increased markedly in recent year<\/a>s. The 2003 heat wave<\/a>, which was the most severe ever observed, is particularly symbolic, with an estimated impact of 15,000 deaths in France<\/a> (Figure 1).<\/a> Many actions have since been put in place to combat heat waves, but they continue to pose a public health challenge<\/a>.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n

The heat waves that have occurred in recent years are some of the first extreme events attributable to anthropogenic climate change<\/a>.<\/a> The risk of heat waves, which was almost non-existent in Paris before the 1980s, has increased markedly in recent year<\/a>s. The 2003 heat wave<\/a>, which was the most severe ever observed, is particularly symbolic, with an estimated impact of 15,000 deaths in France<\/a> (Figure 1).<\/a> Many actions have since been put in place to combat heat waves, but they continue to pose a public health challenge<\/a>.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n

The heat waves that have occurred in recent years are some of the first extreme events attributable to anthropogenic climate change<\/a>.<\/a> The risk of heat waves, which was almost non-existent in Paris before the 1980s, has increased markedly in recent year<\/a>s. The 2003 heat wave<\/a>, which was the most severe ever observed, is particularly symbolic, with an estimated impact of 15,000 deaths in France<\/a> (Figure 1).<\/a> Many actions have since been put in place to combat heat waves, but they continue to pose a public health challenge<\/a>.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/image","attrs":{"id":1516,"sizeSlug":"large","linkDestination":"none","blob":"","url":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/CDP_4_10_Vincent_Viguie_figure1-1024x724.png","alt":"","caption":"Daily number of deaths in France from January 1 to December 31. Each line represents a year from 2001 to 2018. The peak of deaths related to the 2003 heat wave is particularly evident \u00a9 Vincent Vigui\u00e9.","lightbox":[],"title":"","href":"","rel":"","linkClass":"","width":"","height":"","aspectRatio":"","scale":"","linkTarget":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"align":"","className":"wp-block-image size-large","style":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n

\"\"
Daily number of deaths in France from January 1 to December 31. Each line represents a year from 2001 to 2018. The peak of deaths related to the 2003 heat wave is particularly evident \u00a9 Vincent Vigui\u00e9.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","innerContent":["\n
\"\"
Daily number of deaths in France from January 1 to December 31. Each line represents a year from 2001 to 2018. The peak of deaths related to the 2003 heat wave is particularly evident \u00a9 Vincent Vigui\u00e9.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"],"rendered":"\n
\"\"
Daily number of deaths in France from January 1 to December 31. Each line represents a year from 2001 to 2018. The peak of deaths related to the 2003 heat wave is particularly evident \u00a9 Vincent Vigui\u00e9.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/heading","attrs":{"textColor":"red","textAlign":"","content":"How will we manage to adapt to such events?","level":2,"levelOptions":[],"placeholder":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"align":"","className":"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color","style":"","backgroundColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n

How will we manage to adapt to such events?<\/strong><\/h2>\n","innerContent":["\n

How will we manage to adapt to such events?<\/strong><\/h2>\n"],"rendered":"\n

How will we manage to adapt to such events?<\/strong><\/h2>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":"Part of the answer comes from the observation of regions with a warmer climate: the temperatures measured during the 2003 heat wave in Paris are comparable to those usually experienced in the summer in the South of Spain, in Andalusia for example. These temperatures do not cause a health crisis every year, for two main reasons. Firstly, the practices of the inhabitants are different from those we have in France: working hours are adapted to high temperatures and people are more aware of risky behaviors (not going jogging in the middle of the day, for example). Secondly, the infrastructure is not the same as in Paris. Traditional housing has few openings to the south and the patios are a way to create a pocket of coolness serving the whole house. Parisian housing does not have these characteristics at all, because it was designed for a much cooler climate.","dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n

Part of the answer comes from the observation of regions with a warmer climate: the temperatures measured during the 2003 heat wave in Paris are comparable to those usually experienced in the summer in the South of Spain, in Andalusia for example. These temperatures do not cause a health crisis every year, for two main reasons. Firstly, the practices of the inhabitants are different from those we have in France: working hours are adapted to high temperatures and people are more aware of risky behaviors (not going jogging in the middle of the day, for example). Secondly, the infrastructure is not the same as in Paris. Traditional housing has few openings to the south and the patios are a way to create a pocket of coolness serving the whole house. Parisian housing does not have these characteristics at all, because it was designed for a much cooler climate.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n

Part of the answer comes from the observation of regions with a warmer climate: the temperatures measured during the 2003 heat wave in Paris are comparable to those usually experienced in the summer in the South of Spain, in Andalusia for example. These temperatures do not cause a health crisis every year, for two main reasons. Firstly, the practices of the inhabitants are different from those we have in France: working hours are adapted to high temperatures and people are more aware of risky behaviors (not going jogging in the middle of the day, for example). Secondly, the infrastructure is not the same as in Paris. Traditional housing has few openings to the south and the patios are a way to create a pocket of coolness serving the whole house. Parisian housing does not have these characteristics at all, because it was designed for a much cooler climate.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n

Part of the answer comes from the observation of regions with a warmer climate: the temperatures measured during the 2003 heat wave in Paris are comparable to those usually experienced in the summer in the South of Spain, in Andalusia for example. These temperatures do not cause a health crisis every year, for two main reasons. Firstly, the practices of the inhabitants are different from those we have in France: working hours are adapted to high temperatures and people are more aware of risky behaviors (not going jogging in the middle of the day, for example). Secondly, the infrastructure is not the same as in Paris. Traditional housing has few openings to the south and the patios are a way to create a pocket of coolness serving the whole house. Parisian housing does not have these characteristics at all, because it was designed for a much cooler climate.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/heading","attrs":{"textColor":"red","textAlign":"","content":"Build appropriate infrastructure","level":2,"levelOptions":[],"placeholder":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"align":"","className":"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color","style":"","backgroundColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n

Build appropriate infrastructure<\/strong><\/h2>\n","innerContent":["\n

Build appropriate infrastructure<\/strong><\/h2>\n"],"rendered":"\n

Build appropriate infrastructure<\/strong><\/h2>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":"The majority of the housing we build today will still be around in several decades, so it is important that we take into account the future climate. This is no trivial issue, as it means designing housing that is suitable for both current and future climates. This is one of the challenges of adaptation to climate change. As the climate evolves gradually, it requires infrastructures with a long life span to be adapted not to a given climate, but to a multitude of climates that will follow one another throughout the life of the infrastructure. These impacts are not necessarily well known today. There are still many uncertainties about the magnitude of future climate change, if only because we cannot know how much greenhouse gas will be emitted in the world in the coming years. This means we need to take large safety margins, making the problem even more complex.","dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n

The majority of the housing we build today will still be around in several decades, so it is important that we take into account the future climate. This is no trivial issue, as it means designing housing that is suitable for both current and future climates. This is one of the challenges of adaptation to climate change. As the climate evolves gradually, it requires infrastructures with a long life span to be adapted not to a given climate, but to a multitude of climates that will follow one another throughout the life of the infrastructure. These impacts are not necessarily well known today. There are still many uncertainties about the magnitude of future climate change, if only because we cannot know how much greenhouse gas will be emitted in the world in the coming years. This means we need to take large safety margins, making the problem even more complex.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n

The majority of the housing we build today will still be around in several decades, so it is important that we take into account the future climate. This is no trivial issue, as it means designing housing that is suitable for both current and future climates. This is one of the challenges of adaptation to climate change. As the climate evolves gradually, it requires infrastructures with a long life span to be adapted not to a given climate, but to a multitude of climates that will follow one another throughout the life of the infrastructure. These impacts are not necessarily well known today. There are still many uncertainties about the magnitude of future climate change, if only because we cannot know how much greenhouse gas will be emitted in the world in the coming years. This means we need to take large safety margins, making the problem even more complex.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n

The majority of the housing we build today will still be around in several decades, so it is important that we take into account the future climate. This is no trivial issue, as it means designing housing that is suitable for both current and future climates. This is one of the challenges of adaptation to climate change. As the climate evolves gradually, it requires infrastructures with a long life span to be adapted not to a given climate, but to a multitude of climates that will follow one another throughout the life of the infrastructure. These impacts are not necessarily well known today. There are still many uncertainties about the magnitude of future climate change, if only because we cannot know how much greenhouse gas will be emitted in the world in the coming years. This means we need to take large safety margins, making the problem even more complex.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":"The issue is even more difficult for existing housing. While we have just about every choice for the homes we will build in the future, the margins for action are very narrow on those that were built in the past. Will it be necessary to destroy or disfigure the Haussmann buildings in the center of Paris in order to adapt them to a warmer climate? The question is open and far from being decided. Many researchers are currently working on these issues.","dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n

The issue is even more difficult for existing housing. While we have just about every choice for the homes we will build in the future, the margins for action are very narrow on those that were built in the past. Will it be necessary to destroy or disfigure the Haussmann buildings in the center of Paris in order to adapt them to a warmer climate? The question is open and far from being decided. Many researchers are currently working on these issues.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n

The issue is even more difficult for existing housing. While we have just about every choice for the homes we will build in the future, the margins for action are very narrow on those that were built in the past. Will it be necessary to destroy or disfigure the Haussmann buildings in the center of Paris in order to adapt them to a warmer climate? The question is open and far from being decided. Many researchers are currently working on these issues.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n

The issue is even more difficult for existing housing. While we have just about every choice for the homes we will build in the future, the margins for action are very narrow on those that were built in the past. Will it be necessary to destroy or disfigure the Haussmann buildings in the center of Paris in order to adapt them to a warmer climate? The question is open and far from being decided. Many researchers are currently working on these issues.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/heading","attrs":{"textColor":"red","textAlign":"","content":"Large-scale solutions","level":2,"levelOptions":[],"placeholder":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"align":"","className":"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color","style":"","backgroundColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n

Large-scale solutions<\/strong><\/h2>\n","innerContent":["\n

Large-scale solutions<\/strong><\/h2>\n"],"rendered":"\n

Large-scale solutions<\/strong><\/h2>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":"Research conducted at CIRED in collaboration with the CSTB and M\u00e9t\u00e9o-France has studied the extent to which the insulation of apartments, the installation of reflective roofs on buildings, and the intensive planting of vegetation in Paris and the inner suburbs could help cool the air in the streets and in homes during heat waves (see Figure 2). The simulations carried out indicate that it is possible to induce significant cooling by this means, but that it will not be sufficient to ensure the health of the inhabitants during the strong heat waves projected in a few decades. Other measures (relocation of people at risk, daily use of cooling wells, etc.) should therefore be considered if we want to avoid massive use of air conditioning, or at least limit it.","dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n

Research conducted at CIRED in collaboration with the CSTB and M\u00e9t\u00e9o-France has studied the extent to which the insulation of apartments, the installation of reflective roofs on buildings, and the intensive planting of vegetation in Paris and the inner suburbs could help cool the air in the streets and in homes during heat waves (see Figure 2). The simulations carried out indicate that it is possible to induce significant cooling by this means, but that it will not be sufficient to ensure the health of the inhabitants during the strong heat waves projected in a few decades. Other measures (relocation of people at risk, daily use of cooling wells, etc.) should therefore be considered if we want to avoid massive use of air conditioning, or at least limit it.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n

Research conducted at CIRED in collaboration with the CSTB and M\u00e9t\u00e9o-France has studied the extent to which the insulation of apartments, the installation of reflective roofs on buildings, and the intensive planting of vegetation in Paris and the inner suburbs could help cool the air in the streets and in homes during heat waves (see Figure 2). The simulations carried out indicate that it is possible to induce significant cooling by this means, but that it will not be sufficient to ensure the health of the inhabitants during the strong heat waves projected in a few decades. Other measures (relocation of people at risk, daily use of cooling wells, etc.) should therefore be considered if we want to avoid massive use of air conditioning, or at least limit it.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n

Research conducted at CIRED in collaboration with the CSTB and M\u00e9t\u00e9o-France has studied the extent to which the insulation of apartments, the installation of reflective roofs on buildings, and the intensive planting of vegetation in Paris and the inner suburbs could help cool the air in the streets and in homes during heat waves (see Figure 2). The simulations carried out indicate that it is possible to induce significant cooling by this means, but that it will not be sufficient to ensure the health of the inhabitants during the strong heat waves projected in a few decades. Other measures (relocation of people at risk, daily use of cooling wells, etc.) should therefore be considered if we want to avoid massive use of air conditioning, or at least limit it.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/heading","attrs":{"level":3,"textColor":"medium-grey","textAlign":"","content":"Cooling obtained in the event of a heat wave by the installation of reflective roofs, insulation of buildings and intensive vegetation of urbanized areas in Ile-de-France","levelOptions":[],"placeholder":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"align":"","className":"wp-block-heading has-medium-grey-color has-text-color","style":"","backgroundColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n

Cooling obtained in the event of a heat wave by the installation of reflective roofs, insulation of buildings and intensive vegetation of urbanized areas in Ile-de-France<\/h3>\n","innerContent":["\n

Cooling obtained in the event of a heat wave by the installation of reflective roofs, insulation of buildings and intensive vegetation of urbanized areas in Ile-de-France<\/h3>\n"],"rendered":"\n

Cooling obtained in the event of a heat wave by the installation of reflective roofs, insulation of buildings and intensive vegetation of urbanized areas in Ile-de-France<\/h3>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/image","attrs":{"id":1514,"sizeSlug":"large","linkDestination":"none","blob":"","url":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/CDP_4_10_Vincent_Viguie_figure2-1024x725.png","alt":"","caption":"Data source: INSEE). Image from: VIGUI\u00c9, Vincent et al. 2020. Early adaptation to heat waves and future reduction of air-conditioning energy use in Paris. Environmental Research Letters [online], 2 July 2020, vol.\u00a015, no. 7. Available at: http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab6a24.","lightbox":[],"title":"","href":"","rel":"","linkClass":"","width":"","height":"","aspectRatio":"","scale":"","linkTarget":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"align":"","className":"wp-block-image size-large","style":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n
\"\"
Data source: INSEE). Image from: VIGUI\u00c9, Vincent et al<\/em>. 2020. Early adaptation to heat waves and future reduction of air-conditioning energy use in Paris. Environmental Research Letters<\/em> [online], 2 July 2020, vol. 15, no. 7. Available at: http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab6a24<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","innerContent":["\n
\"\"
Data source: INSEE). Image from: VIGUI\u00c9, Vincent et al<\/em>. 2020. Early adaptation to heat waves and future reduction of air-conditioning energy use in Paris. Environmental Research Letters<\/em> [online], 2 July 2020, vol. 15, no. 7. Available at: http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab6a24<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"],"rendered":"\n
\"\"
Data source: INSEE). Image from: VIGUI\u00c9, Vincent et al<\/em>. 2020. Early adaptation to heat waves and future reduction of air-conditioning energy use in Paris. Environmental Research Letters<\/em> [online], 2 July 2020, vol. 15, no. 7. Available at: http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab6a24<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/heading","attrs":{"textColor":"red","textAlign":"","content":"Maladaptation: a vicious cycle","level":2,"levelOptions":[],"placeholder":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"align":"","className":"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color","style":"","backgroundColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n

Maladaptation: a vicious cycle<\/strong><\/h2>\n","innerContent":["\n

Maladaptation: a vicious cycle<\/strong><\/h2>\n"],"rendered":"\n

Maladaptation: a vicious cycle<\/strong><\/h2>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":"This last point illustrates another issue of adaptation: the risk of maladaptation.This refers to adapting to the impacts of climate change while making the problem worse. Air conditioning is a perfect example: it is a solution that solves the difficulties we have raised above (with efficient air conditioning, the problem of insulating buildings against heat is no longer a problem), but which, by consuming a lot of energy, can lead to high greenhouse gas emissions and thus aggravate climate change itself. The heat created by air conditioners on the streets also contributes to higher air temperatures.","dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n

This last point illustrates another issue of adaptation: the risk of maladaptation.This refers to adapting to the impacts of climate change while making the problem worse. Air conditioning is a perfect example: it is a solution that solves the difficulties we have raised above (with efficient air conditioning, the problem of insulating buildings against heat is no longer a problem), but which, by consuming a lot of energy, can lead to high greenhouse gas emissions and thus aggravate climate change itself. The heat created by air conditioners on the streets also contributes to higher air temperatures.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n

This last point illustrates another issue of adaptation: the risk of maladaptation.This refers to adapting to the impacts of climate change while making the problem worse. Air conditioning is a perfect example: it is a solution that solves the difficulties we have raised above (with efficient air conditioning, the problem of insulating buildings against heat is no longer a problem), but which, by consuming a lot of energy, can lead to high greenhouse gas emissions and thus aggravate climate change itself. The heat created by air conditioners on the streets also contributes to higher air temperatures.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n

This last point illustrates another issue of adaptation: the risk of maladaptation.This refers to adapting to the impacts of climate change while making the problem worse. Air conditioning is a perfect example: it is a solution that solves the difficulties we have raised above (with efficient air conditioning, the problem of insulating buildings against heat is no longer a problem), but which, by consuming a lot of energy, can lead to high greenhouse gas emissions and thus aggravate climate change itself. The heat created by air conditioners on the streets also contributes to higher air temperatures.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":"Avoiding maladaptation, overcoming uncertainties about the future climate, adapting to an ever-changing climate: the adaptation we must make is not a simple one. It requires know-how and adequate techniques. However, research is making great strides on these topics and adaptation, done well, can be very effective in reducing our vulnerability and the future cost of climate change.","dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n

Avoiding maladaptation, overcoming uncertainties about the future climate, adapting to an ever-changing climate: the adaptation we must make is not a simple one. It requires know-how and adequate techniques. However, research is making great strides on these topics and adaptation, done well, can be very effective in reducing our vulnerability and the future cost of climate change.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n

Avoiding maladaptation, overcoming uncertainties about the future climate, adapting to an ever-changing climate: the adaptation we must make is not a simple one. It requires know-how and adequate techniques. However, research is making great strides on these topics and adaptation, done well, can be very effective in reducing our vulnerability and the future cost of climate change.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n

Avoiding maladaptation, overcoming uncertainties about the future climate, adapting to an ever-changing climate: the adaptation we must make is not a simple one. It requires know-how and adequate techniques. However, research is making great strides on these topics and adaptation, done well, can be very effective in reducing our vulnerability and the future cost of climate change.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"textColor":"medium-grey","align":"","content":"Text adapted from an article published in\u00a0Le Cahier des Ponts N\u00b04, La r\u00e9silience urbaine, March 2021.","dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"has-medium-grey-color has-text-color","style":"","backgroundColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n

Text adapted from an article published in Le Cahier des Ponts N\u00b04<\/a>, La r\u00e9silience urbaine, March 2021.<\/strong><\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n

Text adapted from an article published in Le Cahier des Ponts N\u00b04<\/a>, La r\u00e9silience urbaine, March 2021.<\/strong><\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n

Text adapted from an article published in Le Cahier des Ponts N\u00b04<\/a>, La r\u00e9silience urbaine, March 2021.<\/strong><\/p>\n"}],"seo":{"title":"Urban resilience: the example of heat waves"},"media":{"img":"\"\"","src":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/couv_cdp3.png"},"url":"\/en\/articles\/urban-resilience-the-example-of-heat-waves\/","related":{"post":[],"author":[{"title":"Vincent Vigui\u00e9","url":"\/en\/authors\/vincent-viguie\/","id":"1754","media":"\"\"","slug":"vincent-viguie"}],"subject":[{"title":"Energy, Ecology & Climate","url":"\/en\/subjects\/energy-ecology-climate\/","id":"937","media":"\"\"","slug":"energy-ecology-climate"},{"title":"Cities, Urban planning & Construction","url":"\/en\/subjects\/cities-urban-planning-construction\/","id":"936","media":"\"\"","slug":"cities-urban-planning-construction"}],"category":[{"title":"Articles","url":"\/en\/articles\/category\/articles\/","id":"1716","media":"","slug":"articles","_related_post_type":""}],"folder":[{"title":"Urban Resilience","url":"\/en\/folders\/urban-resilience\/","id":"4231","media":"\"\"","slug":"urban-resilience"}]},"translated":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/articles\/la-resilience-urbaine-lexemple-des-canicules\/","icon":"icon-folder","duration":"4","custom_excerpt":"Vincent Vigui\u00e9, a researcher at the International Environment and Development Research Center (CIRED<\/a>), discusses urban resilience in the face of climate change, looking at the tricky issue of heat waves, particularly in Paris.","duration_type":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1752","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1752"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1752\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8943,"href":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1752\/revisions\/8943"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1513"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1752"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"article-types","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/article-types?post=1752"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}