{"id":2181,"date":"2022-11-23T10:21:09","date_gmt":"2022-11-23T09:21:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/enpc.ergeais.com\/?p=2181"},"modified":"2025-07-29T15:16:11","modified_gmt":"2025-07-29T13:16:11","slug":"how-does-climate-change-impact-air-quality","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/en\/articles\/how-does-climate-change-impact-air-quality\/","title":{"rendered":"How does climate change impact air quality?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"960\" height=\"860\" src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/rue_ombragee_Karine_Sartelet_ingenius.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2057\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/rue_ombragee_Karine_Sartelet_ingenius.png 960w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/rue_ombragee_Karine_Sartelet_ingenius-300x269.png 300w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/rue_ombragee_Karine_Sartelet_ingenius-768x688.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Street with street trees limiting the dispersion of traffic emissions over the street, and leading to an accumulation of concentrations in the street (\u00a9 Google Maps, Street View)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Climate change is caused by the rise in anthropogenic (resulting from human activity) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Such gases include carbon dioxide, as well as methane and nitrous oxide, which are long-lived compounds that remain in the atmosphere for several years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But what atmospheric compounds are responsible for the degradation of air quality and the harmful effects on our health? Shorter-lived compounds, the most common of which are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>nitrogen dioxide, in part emitted by combustion-related activities, such as road transport, but also formed in the atmosphere through photochemical reactions, i.e. as a result of solar radiation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>ozone, with peak concentrations often observed in summer. It is not emitted but only formed from reactions involving nitrogen oxides (including nitrogen dioxide) and volatile organic compounds (for example, the formaldehyde contained in many consumer products such as cleaning products)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>particulate matter \u2013 we distinguish between primary particulate matter, which is directly emitted into the atmosphere (resulting from combustion, tire wear and desert dust, for example), and secondary particulate matter, which is formed from the transformation of certain gases. This is the case for inorganic and organic particles, which are present in especially high concentrations in urban areas and are sensitive to climate change.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>While concentrations of ozone, nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter are regulated due to their adverse health effects, many of the effects of air pollution are likely related to particulate matter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color\"><strong>GHGs and air pollutants: many similarities<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Air pollutants and greenhouse gases often have common sources. For example, nitrogen dioxide and carbon dioxide are in part traffic-related. As such, efforts to limit anthropogenic emissions also benefit air quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Others, like ozone, are both greenhouse gases and air pollutants. The impact of particulate matter on global warming is however more uncertain. Depending on its composition and size, particulate matter affects the climate in contradictory ways, either cooling or warming it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color\"><strong>Climate change: significant impacts on air quality<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Climate change can have indirect impacts on air quality, as shown in figure 1. For example, desertification leads to an increase in desert dust particles. Similarly, the &nbsp;increased frequency and intensity of heat waves can lead to wildfires, which contribute to particulate emissions, harmful to health.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The rise in air temperature caused by climate also leads to the formation of secondary compounds. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-017-00075-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Efforts to reduce the emission of compounds that contribute to ozone formation have been thwarted by rising temperatures as a result of climate change<\/a>. This is because higher temperatures lead to an increase in chemical reactivity, which promotes ozone formation. Similarly, in urban areas, higher temperatures lead to increased formation of nitrogen dioxide, making efforts to limit these concentrations less effective. This increase in nitrogen dioxide has repercussions. Not only is it harmful to health, but it reacts in the atmosphere, leading to the formation of nitric acid, a compound related to acid rain and inorganic particulate matter.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Anthropogenic activities, along with vegetation, emit volatile organic compounds, some of which contribute to the formation of organic particulate matter. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-021-25850-7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Their presence in the atmosphere increases the temperature and, in turn, the temperature of particulate matter<\/a><em>. <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/hal-enpc.archives-ouvertes.fr\/hal-01694102\/file\/Sartelet2012-AQMEII-biogenics.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The transformation of volatile organic compounds emitted by vegetation into organic particulate matter is largely dependent on anthropogenic emissions<\/a>. As such, reducing these emissions can help limit the increase in organic particulate matter due to climate change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-grey-color has-text-color\">Diagram showing the effects of climate change on air quality.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/climate_en-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2569\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/climate_en-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/climate_en-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/climate_en-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/climate_en.png 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The pollutants shown in red affect air quality and increase global warming.\u00a9 Karine Sartelet, 2022<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color\"><strong>The example of urban heat islands<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Many actions to limit climate change also benefit air quality. For example, better insulation of homes helps reduce heating needs and in turn, the emission of nitrogen oxides and particulate matter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, for certain actions, thought must be given to land use strategies. One such example is\u00a0 urban heat islands. This phenomenon results in higher maximum daytime and especially nighttime temperatures in cities compared to average regional temperatures. <a href=\"https:\/\/hal.archives-ouvertes.fr\/hal-03035343\/document\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Urban vegetation seems to be a promising alternative to try to limit these heat island effects<\/a>, but requires careful consideration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>During the day, cities absorb solar energy in building materials and roads. As a result, the temperature of these materials may be significantly higher than that of the air (by a factor of two, for example). This absorbed energy is released at night in the form of heat, resulting in air temperatures that may be over 10\u00b0C higher than in surrounding rural areas. By providing shade, trees limit the temperature of the asphalt and help cool the air through evapotranspiration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But trees planted along streets also affect air mass movements and prevent pollutants emitted at the street level from escaping (this is shown in figure 2, which compares the concentrations of traffic-related carbon monoxide on a street with and without trees).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-grey-color has-text-color\">2D cross-section of a street with and without trees. <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"301\" src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Figure2_K.Sartelet_EN-1024x301.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2404\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Figure2_K.Sartelet_EN-1024x301.png 1024w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Figure2_K.Sartelet_EN-300x88.png 300w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Figure2_K.Sartelet_EN-768x225.png 768w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Figure2_K.Sartelet_EN-1920x564.png 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">2D cross-section of a street with and without trees. Carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations on a street without trees (left) and a tree-lined street (right). The trees along the street are delineated in the figure with dotted lines. The tree-lined street limits the dispersion of emissions from traffic above the street, resulting in an accumulation of concentrations on the street. These simulations were carried out with the Code_Saturne fluid mechanics software.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/hal.science\/hal-03819560v1\/file\/acp-22-9369-2022.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Trapped under the trees, the concentrations of compounds produced by traffic therefore increase sharply<\/a>, which impacts the health of pedestrians and residents. It would therefore seem wise to plant trees along low-traffic streets or in parks. Even though vehicles in urban areas are emitting fewer pollutants, especially if they are electric, emissions of non-exhaust particulate matter (break and tire wear) related to the weight of vehicles have continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:0px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Climate change is caused by the rise in anthropogenic (resulting from human activity) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Such gases include [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":2052,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_related_content_post":[],"_related_content_subject":[937,692],"_related_content_author":[2172],"_related_content_category":[1720,1716],"_related_content_folder":[4197],"_excerpt":"The rise in the average temperature at the earth's surface and the frequency of extreme weather events, such as storms and heat waves, observed over the past century are evidence of climate change. But how does it impact the quality of the air we breathe? At first glance, the connection between air pollution and climate change is not obvious, yet the two are closely interlinked.","_duration":4,"_manual_duration":false,"footnotes":""},"article-types":[27],"class_list":["post-2181","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","article-types-folder"],"has_blocks":true,"block_data":[{"blockName":"enpc\/excerpt","attrs":{"lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"","innerContent":[],"rendered":""},{"blockName":"core\/image","attrs":{"id":2057,"sizeSlug":"full","linkDestination":"none","align":"wide","blob":"","url":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/rue_ombragee_Karine_Sartelet_ingenius.png","alt":"","caption":null,"lightbox":[],"title":"","href":"","rel":"","linkClass":"","width":"","height":"","aspectRatio":"","scale":"","linkTarget":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"wp-block-image alignwide size-full","style":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-full\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/rue_ombragee_Karine_Sartelet_ingenius.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2057\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Street with street trees limiting the dispersion of traffic emissions over the street, and leading to an accumulation of concentrations in the street (\u00a9 Google Maps, Street View)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","innerContent":["\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-full\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/rue_ombragee_Karine_Sartelet_ingenius.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2057\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Street with street trees limiting the dispersion of traffic emissions over the street, and leading to an accumulation of concentrations in the street (\u00a9 Google Maps, Street View)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"],"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-full\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/rue_ombragee_Karine_Sartelet_ingenius.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2057\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Street with street trees limiting the dispersion of traffic emissions over the street, and leading to an accumulation of concentrations in the street (\u00a9 Google Maps, Street View)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":null,"dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>Climate change is caused by the rise in anthropogenic (resulting from human activity) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Such gases include carbon dioxide, as well as methane and nitrous oxide, which are long-lived compounds that remain in the atmosphere for several years.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>Climate change is caused by the rise in anthropogenic (resulting from human activity) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Such gases include carbon dioxide, as well as methane and nitrous oxide, which are long-lived compounds that remain in the atmosphere for several years.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>Climate change is caused by the rise in anthropogenic (resulting from human activity) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Such gases include carbon dioxide, as well as methane and nitrous oxide, which are long-lived compounds that remain in the atmosphere for several years.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":null,"dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>But what atmospheric compounds are responsible for the degradation of air quality and the harmful effects on our health? Shorter-lived compounds, the most common of which are:<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>But what atmospheric compounds are responsible for the degradation of air quality and the harmful effects on our health? Shorter-lived compounds, the most common of which are:<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>But what atmospheric compounds are responsible for the degradation of air quality and the harmful effects on our health? Shorter-lived compounds, the most common of which are:<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/list","attrs":{"ordered":false,"values":"","type":"","start":0,"reversed":false,"placeholder":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"wp-block-list","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[{"blockName":"core\/list-item","attrs":{"placeholder":"","content":null,"lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<li>nitrogen dioxide, in part emitted by combustion-related activities, such as road transport, but also formed in the atmosphere through photochemical reactions, i.e. as a result of solar radiation<\/li>\n","innerContent":["\n<li>nitrogen dioxide, in part emitted by combustion-related activities, such as road transport, but also formed in the atmosphere through photochemical reactions, i.e. as a result of solar radiation<\/li>\n"],"rendered":"\n<li>nitrogen dioxide, in part emitted by combustion-related activities, such as road transport, but also formed in the atmosphere through photochemical reactions, i.e. as a result of solar radiation<\/li>\n"}],"innerHTML":"\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><\/ul>\n","innerContent":["\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">",null,"<\/ul>\n"],"rendered":"\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>nitrogen dioxide, in part emitted by combustion-related activities, such as road transport, but also formed in the atmosphere through photochemical reactions, i.e. as a result of solar radiation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/list","attrs":{"ordered":false,"values":"","type":"","start":0,"reversed":false,"placeholder":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"wp-block-list","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[{"blockName":"core\/list-item","attrs":{"placeholder":"","content":null,"lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<li>ozone, with peak concentrations often observed in summer. It is not emitted but only formed from reactions involving nitrogen oxides (including nitrogen dioxide) and volatile organic compounds (for example, the formaldehyde contained in many consumer products such as cleaning products)<\/li>\n","innerContent":["\n<li>ozone, with peak concentrations often observed in summer. It is not emitted but only formed from reactions involving nitrogen oxides (including nitrogen dioxide) and volatile organic compounds (for example, the formaldehyde contained in many consumer products such as cleaning products)<\/li>\n"],"rendered":"\n<li>ozone, with peak concentrations often observed in summer. It is not emitted but only formed from reactions involving nitrogen oxides (including nitrogen dioxide) and volatile organic compounds (for example, the formaldehyde contained in many consumer products such as cleaning products)<\/li>\n"}],"innerHTML":"\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><\/ul>\n","innerContent":["\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">",null,"<\/ul>\n"],"rendered":"\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>ozone, with peak concentrations often observed in summer. It is not emitted but only formed from reactions involving nitrogen oxides (including nitrogen dioxide) and volatile organic compounds (for example, the formaldehyde contained in many consumer products such as cleaning products)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/list","attrs":{"ordered":false,"values":"","type":"","start":0,"reversed":false,"placeholder":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"wp-block-list","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[{"blockName":"core\/list-item","attrs":{"placeholder":"","content":null,"lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<li>particulate matter \u2013 we distinguish between primary particulate matter, which is directly emitted into the atmosphere (resulting from combustion, tire wear and desert dust, for example), and secondary particulate matter, which is formed from the transformation of certain gases. This is the case for inorganic and organic particles, which are present in especially high concentrations in urban areas and are sensitive to climate change.<\/li>\n","innerContent":["\n<li>particulate matter \u2013 we distinguish between primary particulate matter, which is directly emitted into the atmosphere (resulting from combustion, tire wear and desert dust, for example), and secondary particulate matter, which is formed from the transformation of certain gases. This is the case for inorganic and organic particles, which are present in especially high concentrations in urban areas and are sensitive to climate change.<\/li>\n"],"rendered":"\n<li>particulate matter \u2013 we distinguish between primary particulate matter, which is directly emitted into the atmosphere (resulting from combustion, tire wear and desert dust, for example), and secondary particulate matter, which is formed from the transformation of certain gases. This is the case for inorganic and organic particles, which are present in especially high concentrations in urban areas and are sensitive to climate change.<\/li>\n"}],"innerHTML":"\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><\/ul>\n","innerContent":["\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">",null,"<\/ul>\n"],"rendered":"\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>particulate matter \u2013 we distinguish between primary particulate matter, which is directly emitted into the atmosphere (resulting from combustion, tire wear and desert dust, for example), and secondary particulate matter, which is formed from the transformation of certain gases. This is the case for inorganic and organic particles, which are present in especially high concentrations in urban areas and are sensitive to climate change.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":null,"dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>While concentrations of ozone, nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter are regulated due to their adverse health effects, many of the effects of air pollution are likely related to particulate matter.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>While concentrations of ozone, nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter are regulated due to their adverse health effects, many of the effects of air pollution are likely related to particulate matter.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>While concentrations of ozone, nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter are regulated due to their adverse health effects, many of the effects of air pollution are likely related to particulate matter.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/heading","attrs":{"textColor":"red","textAlign":"","content":null,"level":2,"levelOptions":[],"placeholder":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"align":"","className":"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color","style":"","backgroundColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color\"><strong>GHGs and air pollutants: many similarities<\/strong><\/h2>\n","innerContent":["\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color\"><strong>GHGs and air pollutants: many similarities<\/strong><\/h2>\n"],"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color\"><strong>GHGs and air pollutants: many similarities<\/strong><\/h2>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":null,"dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>Air pollutants and greenhouse gases often have common sources. For example, nitrogen dioxide and carbon dioxide are in part traffic-related. As such, efforts to limit anthropogenic emissions also benefit air quality.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>Air pollutants and greenhouse gases often have common sources. For example, nitrogen dioxide and carbon dioxide are in part traffic-related. As such, efforts to limit anthropogenic emissions also benefit air quality.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>Air pollutants and greenhouse gases often have common sources. For example, nitrogen dioxide and carbon dioxide are in part traffic-related. As such, efforts to limit anthropogenic emissions also benefit air quality.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":null,"dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>Others, like ozone, are both greenhouse gases and air pollutants. The impact of particulate matter on global warming is however more uncertain. Depending on its composition and size, particulate matter affects the climate in contradictory ways, either cooling or warming it.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>Others, like ozone, are both greenhouse gases and air pollutants. The impact of particulate matter on global warming is however more uncertain. Depending on its composition and size, particulate matter affects the climate in contradictory ways, either cooling or warming it.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>Others, like ozone, are both greenhouse gases and air pollutants. The impact of particulate matter on global warming is however more uncertain. Depending on its composition and size, particulate matter affects the climate in contradictory ways, either cooling or warming it.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/heading","attrs":{"textColor":"red","textAlign":"","content":null,"level":2,"levelOptions":[],"placeholder":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"align":"","className":"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color","style":"","backgroundColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color\"><strong>Climate change: significant impacts on air quality<\/strong><\/h2>\n","innerContent":["\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color\"><strong>Climate change: significant impacts on air quality<\/strong><\/h2>\n"],"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color\"><strong>Climate change: significant impacts on air quality<\/strong><\/h2>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":null,"dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>Climate change can have indirect impacts on air quality, as shown in figure 1. For example, desertification leads to an increase in desert dust particles. Similarly, the &nbsp;increased frequency and intensity of heat waves can lead to wildfires, which contribute to particulate emissions, harmful to health.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>Climate change can have indirect impacts on air quality, as shown in figure 1. For example, desertification leads to an increase in desert dust particles. Similarly, the &nbsp;increased frequency and intensity of heat waves can lead to wildfires, which contribute to particulate emissions, harmful to health.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>Climate change can have indirect impacts on air quality, as shown in figure 1. For example, desertification leads to an increase in desert dust particles. Similarly, the &nbsp;increased frequency and intensity of heat waves can lead to wildfires, which contribute to particulate emissions, harmful to health.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":null,"dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>The rise in air temperature caused by climate also leads to the formation of secondary compounds. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-017-00075-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Efforts to reduce the emission of compounds that contribute to ozone formation have been thwarted by rising temperatures as a result of climate change<\/a>. This is because higher temperatures lead to an increase in chemical reactivity, which promotes ozone formation. Similarly, in urban areas, higher temperatures lead to increased formation of nitrogen dioxide, making efforts to limit these concentrations less effective. This increase in nitrogen dioxide has repercussions. Not only is it harmful to health, but it reacts in the atmosphere, leading to the formation of nitric acid, a compound related to acid rain and inorganic particulate matter.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>The rise in air temperature caused by climate also leads to the formation of secondary compounds. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-017-00075-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Efforts to reduce the emission of compounds that contribute to ozone formation have been thwarted by rising temperatures as a result of climate change<\/a>. This is because higher temperatures lead to an increase in chemical reactivity, which promotes ozone formation. Similarly, in urban areas, higher temperatures lead to increased formation of nitrogen dioxide, making efforts to limit these concentrations less effective. This increase in nitrogen dioxide has repercussions. Not only is it harmful to health, but it reacts in the atmosphere, leading to the formation of nitric acid, a compound related to acid rain and inorganic particulate matter.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>The rise in air temperature caused by climate also leads to the formation of secondary compounds. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-017-00075-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Efforts to reduce the emission of compounds that contribute to ozone formation have been thwarted by rising temperatures as a result of climate change<\/a>. This is because higher temperatures lead to an increase in chemical reactivity, which promotes ozone formation. Similarly, in urban areas, higher temperatures lead to increased formation of nitrogen dioxide, making efforts to limit these concentrations less effective. This increase in nitrogen dioxide has repercussions. Not only is it harmful to health, but it reacts in the atmosphere, leading to the formation of nitric acid, a compound related to acid rain and inorganic particulate matter.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":null,"dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>Anthropogenic activities, along with vegetation, emit volatile organic compounds, some of which contribute to the formation of organic particulate matter. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-021-25850-7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Their presence in the atmosphere increases the temperature and, in turn, the temperature of particulate matter<\/a><em>. <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/hal-enpc.archives-ouvertes.fr\/hal-01694102\/file\/Sartelet2012-AQMEII-biogenics.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The transformation of volatile organic compounds emitted by vegetation into organic particulate matter is largely dependent on anthropogenic emissions<\/a>. As such, reducing these emissions can help limit the increase in organic particulate matter due to climate change.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>Anthropogenic activities, along with vegetation, emit volatile organic compounds, some of which contribute to the formation of organic particulate matter. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-021-25850-7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Their presence in the atmosphere increases the temperature and, in turn, the temperature of particulate matter<\/a><em>. <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/hal-enpc.archives-ouvertes.fr\/hal-01694102\/file\/Sartelet2012-AQMEII-biogenics.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The transformation of volatile organic compounds emitted by vegetation into organic particulate matter is largely dependent on anthropogenic emissions<\/a>. As such, reducing these emissions can help limit the increase in organic particulate matter due to climate change.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>Anthropogenic activities, along with vegetation, emit volatile organic compounds, some of which contribute to the formation of organic particulate matter. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-021-25850-7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Their presence in the atmosphere increases the temperature and, in turn, the temperature of particulate matter<\/a><em>. <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/hal-enpc.archives-ouvertes.fr\/hal-01694102\/file\/Sartelet2012-AQMEII-biogenics.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The transformation of volatile organic compounds emitted by vegetation into organic particulate matter is largely dependent on anthropogenic emissions<\/a>. As such, reducing these emissions can help limit the increase in organic particulate matter due to climate change.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/heading","attrs":{"level":3,"textColor":"medium-grey","textAlign":"","content":null,"levelOptions":[],"placeholder":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"align":"","className":"wp-block-heading has-medium-grey-color has-text-color","style":"","backgroundColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-grey-color has-text-color\">Diagram showing the effects of climate change on air quality.<\/h3>\n","innerContent":["\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-grey-color has-text-color\">Diagram showing the effects of climate change on air quality.<\/h3>\n"],"rendered":"\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-grey-color has-text-color\">Diagram showing the effects of climate change on air quality.<\/h3>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/image","attrs":{"id":2569,"sizeSlug":"large","linkDestination":"none","align":"center","style":{"color":[]},"blob":"","url":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/climate_en-1024x576.png","alt":"","caption":null,"lightbox":[],"title":"","href":"","rel":"","linkClass":"","width":"","height":"","aspectRatio":"","scale":"","linkTarget":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/climate_en-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2569\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The pollutants shown in red affect air quality and increase global warming.\u00a9 Karine Sartelet, 2022<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","innerContent":["\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/climate_en-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2569\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The pollutants shown in red affect air quality and increase global warming.\u00a9 Karine Sartelet, 2022<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"],"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/climate_en-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2569\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The pollutants shown in red affect air quality and increase global warming.\u00a9 Karine Sartelet, 2022<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/heading","attrs":{"textColor":"red","textAlign":"","content":null,"level":2,"levelOptions":[],"placeholder":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"align":"","className":"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color","style":"","backgroundColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color\"><strong>The example of urban heat islands<\/strong><\/h2>\n","innerContent":["\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color\"><strong>The example of urban heat islands<\/strong><\/h2>\n"],"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color\"><strong>The example of urban heat islands<\/strong><\/h2>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":null,"dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>Many actions to limit climate change also benefit air quality. For example, better insulation of homes helps reduce heating needs and in turn, the emission of nitrogen oxides and particulate matter.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>Many actions to limit climate change also benefit air quality. For example, better insulation of homes helps reduce heating needs and in turn, the emission of nitrogen oxides and particulate matter.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>Many actions to limit climate change also benefit air quality. For example, better insulation of homes helps reduce heating needs and in turn, the emission of nitrogen oxides and particulate matter.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":null,"dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>However, for certain actions, thought must be given to land use strategies. One such example is\u00a0 urban heat islands. This phenomenon results in higher maximum daytime and especially nighttime temperatures in cities compared to average regional temperatures. <a href=\"https:\/\/hal.archives-ouvertes.fr\/hal-03035343\/document\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Urban vegetation seems to be a promising alternative to try to limit these heat island effects<\/a>, but requires careful consideration.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>However, for certain actions, thought must be given to land use strategies. One such example is\u00a0 urban heat islands. This phenomenon results in higher maximum daytime and especially nighttime temperatures in cities compared to average regional temperatures. <a href=\"https:\/\/hal.archives-ouvertes.fr\/hal-03035343\/document\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Urban vegetation seems to be a promising alternative to try to limit these heat island effects<\/a>, but requires careful consideration.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>However, for certain actions, thought must be given to land use strategies. One such example is\u00a0 urban heat islands. This phenomenon results in higher maximum daytime and especially nighttime temperatures in cities compared to average regional temperatures. <a href=\"https:\/\/hal.archives-ouvertes.fr\/hal-03035343\/document\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Urban vegetation seems to be a promising alternative to try to limit these heat island effects<\/a>, but requires careful consideration.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":null,"dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>During the day, cities absorb solar energy in building materials and roads. As a result, the temperature of these materials may be significantly higher than that of the air (by a factor of two, for example). This absorbed energy is released at night in the form of heat, resulting in air temperatures that may be over 10\u00b0C higher than in surrounding rural areas. By providing shade, trees limit the temperature of the asphalt and help cool the air through evapotranspiration.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>During the day, cities absorb solar energy in building materials and roads. As a result, the temperature of these materials may be significantly higher than that of the air (by a factor of two, for example). This absorbed energy is released at night in the form of heat, resulting in air temperatures that may be over 10\u00b0C higher than in surrounding rural areas. By providing shade, trees limit the temperature of the asphalt and help cool the air through evapotranspiration.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>During the day, cities absorb solar energy in building materials and roads. As a result, the temperature of these materials may be significantly higher than that of the air (by a factor of two, for example). This absorbed energy is released at night in the form of heat, resulting in air temperatures that may be over 10\u00b0C higher than in surrounding rural areas. By providing shade, trees limit the temperature of the asphalt and help cool the air through evapotranspiration.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":null,"dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>But trees planted along streets also affect air mass movements and prevent pollutants emitted at the street level from escaping (this is shown in figure 2, which compares the concentrations of traffic-related carbon monoxide on a street with and without trees).<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>But trees planted along streets also affect air mass movements and prevent pollutants emitted at the street level from escaping (this is shown in figure 2, which compares the concentrations of traffic-related carbon monoxide on a street with and without trees).<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>But trees planted along streets also affect air mass movements and prevent pollutants emitted at the street level from escaping (this is shown in figure 2, which compares the concentrations of traffic-related carbon monoxide on a street with and without trees).<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/heading","attrs":{"level":3,"textColor":"medium-grey","textAlign":"","content":null,"levelOptions":[],"placeholder":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"align":"","className":"wp-block-heading has-medium-grey-color has-text-color","style":"","backgroundColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-grey-color has-text-color\">2D cross-section of a street with and without trees. <\/h3>\n","innerContent":["\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-grey-color has-text-color\">2D cross-section of a street with and without trees. <\/h3>\n"],"rendered":"\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-grey-color has-text-color\">2D cross-section of a street with and without trees. <\/h3>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/image","attrs":{"id":2404,"sizeSlug":"large","linkDestination":"none","align":"center","blob":"","url":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Figure2_K.Sartelet_EN-1024x301.png","alt":"","caption":null,"lightbox":[],"title":"","href":"","rel":"","linkClass":"","width":"","height":"","aspectRatio":"","scale":"","linkTarget":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large","style":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Figure2_K.Sartelet_EN-1024x301.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2404\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">2D cross-section of a street with and without trees. Carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations on a street without trees (left) and a tree-lined street (right). The trees along the street are delineated in the figure with dotted lines. The tree-lined street limits the dispersion of emissions from traffic above the street, resulting in an accumulation of concentrations on the street. These simulations were carried out with the Code_Saturne fluid mechanics software.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","innerContent":["\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Figure2_K.Sartelet_EN-1024x301.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2404\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">2D cross-section of a street with and without trees. Carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations on a street without trees (left) and a tree-lined street (right). The trees along the street are delineated in the figure with dotted lines. The tree-lined street limits the dispersion of emissions from traffic above the street, resulting in an accumulation of concentrations on the street. These simulations were carried out with the Code_Saturne fluid mechanics software.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"],"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Figure2_K.Sartelet_EN-1024x301.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2404\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">2D cross-section of a street with and without trees. Carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations on a street without trees (left) and a tree-lined street (right). The trees along the street are delineated in the figure with dotted lines. The tree-lined street limits the dispersion of emissions from traffic above the street, resulting in an accumulation of concentrations on the street. These simulations were carried out with the Code_Saturne fluid mechanics software.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":null,"dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/hal.science\/hal-03819560v1\/file\/acp-22-9369-2022.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Trapped under the trees, the concentrations of compounds produced by traffic therefore increase sharply<\/a>, which impacts the health of pedestrians and residents. It would therefore seem wise to plant trees along low-traffic streets or in parks. Even though vehicles in urban areas are emitting fewer pollutants, especially if they are electric, emissions of non-exhaust particulate matter (break and tire wear) related to the weight of vehicles have continued.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/hal.science\/hal-03819560v1\/file\/acp-22-9369-2022.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Trapped under the trees, the concentrations of compounds produced by traffic therefore increase sharply<\/a>, which impacts the health of pedestrians and residents. It would therefore seem wise to plant trees along low-traffic streets or in parks. Even though vehicles in urban areas are emitting fewer pollutants, especially if they are electric, emissions of non-exhaust particulate matter (break and tire wear) related to the weight of vehicles have continued.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/hal.science\/hal-03819560v1\/file\/acp-22-9369-2022.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Trapped under the trees, the concentrations of compounds produced by traffic therefore increase sharply<\/a>, which impacts the health of pedestrians and residents. It would therefore seem wise to plant trees along low-traffic streets or in parks. Even though vehicles in urban areas are emitting fewer pollutants, especially if they are electric, emissions of non-exhaust particulate matter (break and tire wear) related to the weight of vehicles have continued.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/spacer","attrs":{"height":"0px","width":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"wp-block-spacer","style":"height:0px","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<div style=\"height:0px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n","innerContent":["\n<div style=\"height:0px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n"],"rendered":"\n<div style=\"height:0px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n"}],"seo":{"title":"How does climate change impact air quality?"},"media":{"img":"<img width=\"960\" height=\"860\" src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/rue_arbres.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/rue_arbres.png 960w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/rue_arbres-300x269.png 300w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/rue_arbres-768x688.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/>","src":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/rue_arbres.png"},"url":"\/en\/articles\/how-does-climate-change-impact-air-quality\/","related":{"post":[],"author":[{"title":"Karine Sartelet","url":"\/en\/authors\/karine-sartelet\/","id":"2172","media":"<img width=\"60\" height=\"60\" src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Karine_Sartelet-60x60.png\" class=\"attachment-author-thumb size-author-thumb wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Karine_Sartelet-60x60.png 60w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Karine_Sartelet-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 60px) 100vw, 60px\" \/>","slug":"karine-sartelet"}],"subject":[{"title":"Energy, Ecology &amp; Climate","url":"\/en\/subjects\/energy-ecology-climate\/","id":"937","media":"<img width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Ecole-des-ponts-webmagazine-energie.jpg\" class=\"attachment- size- wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Ecole-des-ponts-webmagazine-energie.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Ecole-des-ponts-webmagazine-energie-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Ecole-des-ponts-webmagazine-energie-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Ecole-des-ponts-webmagazine-energie-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>","slug":"energy-ecology-climate"},{"title":"Mobility, Transport &#038; Infrastructure","url":"\/en\/subjects\/mobility-transport-infrastructure\/","id":"692","media":"<img width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Ecole-des-ponts-webmagazine-mobilites.jpg\" class=\"attachment- size- wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Ecole-des-ponts-webmagazine-mobilites.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Ecole-des-ponts-webmagazine-mobilites-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Ecole-des-ponts-webmagazine-mobilites-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Ecole-des-ponts-webmagazine-mobilites-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>","slug":"mobility-transport-infrastructure"}],"category":[{"title":"Article collection","url":"\/en\/articles\/category\/dossier\/","id":"1720","media":"","slug":"dossier","_related_post_type":"folder"},{"title":"Articles","url":"\/en\/articles\/category\/articles\/","id":"1716","media":"","slug":"articles","_related_post_type":""}],"folder":[{"title":"Climate Change","url":"\/en\/folders\/climate-change\/","id":"4197","media":"<img width=\"1280\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/vegetal-city_img3-1_C.Guivarch_bandeau.jpg\" class=\"attachment- size- wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/vegetal-city_img3-1_C.Guivarch_bandeau.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/vegetal-city_img3-1_C.Guivarch_bandeau-300x160.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/vegetal-city_img3-1_C.Guivarch_bandeau-1024x546.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/vegetal-city_img3-1_C.Guivarch_bandeau-768x410.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/>","slug":"climate-change"}]},"translated":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/articles\/comment-le-changement-climatique-impacte-t-il-la-qualite-de-lair\/","icon":"icon-folder","duration":"4","custom_excerpt":"The rise in the average temperature at the earth's surface and the frequency of extreme weather events, such as storms and heat waves, observed over the past century are evidence of climate change. But how does it impact the quality of the air we breathe? At first glance, the connection between air pollution and climate change is not obvious, yet the two are closely interlinked.","duration_type":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2181","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2181"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2181\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8955,"href":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2181\/revisions\/8955"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2052"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2181"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"article-types","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/article-types?post=2181"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}