{"id":5658,"date":"2024-04-24T16:24:00","date_gmt":"2024-04-24T14:24:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/?p=5658"},"modified":"2025-03-28T17:11:36","modified_gmt":"2025-03-28T16:11:36","slug":"fecamp-offshore-wind-farm","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/en\/articles\/fecamp-offshore-wind-farm\/","title":{"rendered":"The key role of soil investigation in the design of offshore wind turbine foundations: example of the F\u00e9camp offshore wind farm"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/CBeyssier_EDF_CAPA_EOHF_B5D5122_SMALLPRINT_13032024-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5786\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/CBeyssier_EDF_CAPA_EOHF_B5D5122_SMALLPRINT_13032024-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/CBeyssier_EDF_CAPA_EOHF_B5D5122_SMALLPRINT_13032024-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/CBeyssier_EDF_CAPA_EOHF_B5D5122_SMALLPRINT_13032024-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/CBeyssier_EDF_CAPA_EOHF_B5D5122_SMALLPRINT_13032024-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The F\u00e9camp wind farm is scheduled to be fully commissioned for the end of May 2024, with a total of 71 wind turbines. \u00a9Parc \u00e9olien en mer de F\u00e9camp-CAPA Corporate-CBeyssier<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Article published in April 2024 and updated in April 2025<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The energy transition largely depends on the rapid development of renewable energy production systems such as solar energy and wind power. As far as the latter is concerned, some quite significant developments have occurred in the French onshore wind sector. Regarding offshore wind power, and despite its exceptional coastline which is conducive to such developments (Atlantic, Channel, Mediterranean), metropolitan France lags far behind countries such as Germany, Great Britain and Denmark.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Awareness of this issue was raised in the late 2000s with the first discussions and consultations on the development of offshore wind farms. The first invitations to tender were issued by the French government in the early 2010s, with work starting in the late 2010s and early 2020s. They were generally won by consortia in which EDF-Renouvelables, a subsidiary of EDF [Electricit\u00e9 de France \u2013 the nationalized electric utility company], plays a central role.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The 2010s saw a surge in the development of offshore wind farm projects. The outlook for offshore wind power in France by 2030 corresponds to 17 offshore wind farms with a combined capacity of around 10 GW.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"width: 100%;\"><div style=\"position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.25%; padding-top: 0; height: 0;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Eoliennes offshore - version anglais\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" style=\"position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%;\" src=\"https:\/\/view.genial.ly\/66226d80d78b9e001404e0e9\" type=\"text\/html\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" scrolling=\"yes\" allownetworking=\"all\"><\/iframe> <\/div> <\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color\">The F\u00e9camp offshore wind farm &#8211; Chronology<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/chronologie_parc_fecamp_EN-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8057\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/chronologie_parc_fecamp_EN-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/chronologie_parc_fecamp_EN-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/chronologie_parc_fecamp_EN-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/chronologie_parc_fecamp_EN.png 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color\">F\u00e9camp offshore wind farm<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The F\u00e9camp offshore wind farm consists of 71 wind turbines, each with a capacity of 7 MW, for a total capacity of almost 500 MW, corresponding to the electricity consumption of around 770,000 people. The wind turbines cover an area of 60 km<sup>2<\/sup>, between 13 and 24 km from the coast of F\u00e9camp. These are wind turbines, reaching a height of 180 m from the surface of the water to the tip of a blade in the high vertical position.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color\"><strong>Wind turbine foundations<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Shallow (gravity-type) foundations, which simply rest on the surface of the seabed and whose weight ensures the stability of the overall structure, have been chosen for these wind turbines. This is a world first, on such a scale, for this type of structure. For many other offshore wind farms, large-diameter monopiles or \u201cjacket\u201d-type structures (a supporting steel lattice resting on four anchor piles sunk in a square configuration) are used for wind turbine foundations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Prefabricated on a dedicated production site at the port of Le Havre, the foundations are sunk to a depth of between 48 and 54 meters, depending on the depth of water where the wind turbine is to be installed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" data-id=\"5523\" src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/@Alexandre-Prevot-fondation-gravitaires-sur-lesquelles-reposeront-les-eoliennes-du-parc-eolien-en-mer-de-Fecamp.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5523\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/@Alexandre-Prevot-fondation-gravitaires-sur-lesquelles-reposeront-les-eoliennes-du-parc-eolien-en-mer-de-Fecamp.jpg 640w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/@Alexandre-Prevot-fondation-gravitaires-sur-lesquelles-reposeront-les-eoliennes-du-parc-eolien-en-mer-de-Fecamp-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Gravity foundations for the F\u00e9camp offshore wind farm turbines. Alexandre Prevot &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/alexprevot\/52281525455\/\">@flickr<\/a> &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/2.0\/\">CC BY-SA 2.0 Deed<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" data-id=\"5525\" src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/@ArnaudBouissou_Terra_Grand-port-maritime-du-Havre-Construction-du-futur-parc-eolien-offshore-de-Fecamp.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5525\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/@ArnaudBouissou_Terra_Grand-port-maritime-du-Havre-Construction-du-futur-parc-eolien-offshore-de-Fecamp.jpg 800w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/@ArnaudBouissou_Terra_Grand-port-maritime-du-Havre-Construction-du-futur-parc-eolien-offshore-de-Fecamp-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/@ArnaudBouissou_Terra_Grand-port-maritime-du-Havre-Construction-du-futur-parc-eolien-offshore-de-Fecamp-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Construction of the future F\u00e9camp offshore wind farm. Arnaud Bouissou \/ Terra <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The dimensioning of the foundations is a relatively complex affair due to their non-standard size and the variable stresses to which they are subjected, notably environmental effects (wind, swell, storms, marine currents, earthquakes, tidal waves) and the cyclic stresses induced by the rotation of the turbine blades. The presence of flinty chalk, a highly specific soil with complex behavior, on which the foundations will rest on the sea bed, constitutes an additional difficulty that is characteristic of the F\u00e9camp site.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When developing this project, EDF-Renouvelables asked the Geotechnical &nbsp;team at the Navier laboratory to study the mechanical properties of the marine chalk at F\u00e9camp. The corresponding work took place over a period of around four years, from 2014 to 2017.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/@Constantin123456789-falaise-detretat.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5521\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/@Constantin123456789-falaise-detretat.jpg 640w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/@Constantin123456789-falaise-detretat-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The surface soils found on the seabed in the project area are composed largely of flinty chalk, similar to the chalk forming the cliffs found on the region&#8217;s coastline. These highly specific soils will support the wind turbines&#8217; gravity foundations. It is therefore essential to assess their mechanical characteristics to ensure the correct dimensioning of these foundations. &#8211; @Constantien123456789 &#8211; Falaise d&#8217;Etretat &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Etretat_falaise6.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a> <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color\">The experimental setup<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The experimental setup used is a prototype servo-hydraulic triaxial system, unique in France in the configuration developed in our lab.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This setup has been designed to test &nbsp;large size cylindrical soil specimens (300 mm in diameter and 600 mm in height). Indeed, large specimens are required in order to obtain representative measurements of <em>in situ<\/em> soil behavior, due to a significant amount of large, several-centimeter-long flint inclusions present in the chalk. The specimen, enclosed in a watertight neoprene membrane, is positioned in a water-filled containment vessel. By pressurizing this water, it is possible to reproduce the stress conditions existing at a given depth on the site. The chalk specimen must also be re-saturated with salt water in order to reproduce the saturated state of the material found on the seabed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A 500 kN servo-hydraulic actuator &nbsp;then allows to apply a vertical load on top of the specimen , under monotonic or cyclic loading.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-1 wp-block-gallery-2 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2503\" height=\"1677\" data-id=\"5358\" src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.4-c.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5358\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.4-c.png 2503w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.4-c-300x201.png 300w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.4-c-1024x686.png 1024w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.4-c-768x515.png 768w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.4-c-1920x1286.png 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2503px) 100vw, 2503px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Simplified cross-section<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"382\" height=\"406\" data-id=\"5356\" src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.4-b.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5356\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.4-b.png 382w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.4-b-282x300.png 282w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.4-b-80x86.png 80w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 382px) 100vw, 382px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">3D drawing of the device<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"236\" height=\"397\" data-id=\"5354\" src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.4-a.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5354\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.4-a.png 236w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.4-a-178x300.png 178w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 236px) 100vw, 236px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Overall view of the device, showing the operating and control cabin<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-caption wp-element-caption\">Servo-hydraulic triaxial setup for large soil specimens (diameter 300 mm, height 600 mm) to assess the mechanical properties of chalk for the design of gravity foundations<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color\">Stages of the experimental protocol<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-1 wp-block-gallery-3 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"594\" height=\"402\" data-id=\"5378\" src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-a.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5378\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-a.png 594w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-a-300x203.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 594px) 100vw, 594px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Original core in its PVC casing (470 mm diameter, 600 mm high) on the cutting support table<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"419\" height=\"312\" data-id=\"5366\" src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-b.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5366\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-b.jpg 419w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-b-300x223.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 419px) 100vw, 419px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Progressive cutting in vertical sections to obtain a diameter of 300 mm<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"156\" height=\"204\" data-id=\"5374\" src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-c.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5374\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Upper section cut to 300 mm and protected<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"343\" height=\"450\" data-id=\"5371\" src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-d.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5371\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-d.jpg 343w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-d-229x300.jpg 229w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 343px) 100vw, 343px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">300&#215;600 mm specimen transferred to the triaxial cell base<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"357\" height=\"467\" data-id=\"5376\" src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-e.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5376\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-e.jpg 357w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-e-229x300.jpg 229w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 357px) 100vw, 357px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">300&#215;600 mm specimen in place on the lower base plate of the triaxial cell<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"343\" height=\"456\" data-id=\"5364\" src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-f.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5364\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-f.jpg 343w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-f-226x300.jpg 226w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 343px) 100vw, 343px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fitting the cell containment vessel<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"355\" height=\"476\" data-id=\"5369\" src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-g.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5369\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-g.jpg 355w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-g-224x300.jpg 224w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 355px) 100vw, 355px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Installing the triaxial cell tie rods<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"352\" height=\"469\" data-id=\"5365\" src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-h.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5365\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-h.jpg 352w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-h-225x300.jpg 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 352px) 100vw, 352px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fitting the cell lid and adjusting &nbsp;the servo-hydraulic actuator.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color\">Developing a more detailed understanding of the F\u00e9camp chalk<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In order to design the wind turbine foundations, the mechanical behavior of chalk specimens needed to be analyzed under monotonic compressive and cyclic loading. Monotonic loading tests provide information about the material&#8217;s stiffness properties within the small deformation range, and its failure characteristics, which are essential for assessing the foundation\u2019s load-bearing capacity (failure load). Cyclic loading tests are used to study the behavior of chalk under cyclic loads, such as the effects of a heavy swell on the foundations. This cyclic loading may generate a significant build-up of interstitial pressure within the chalk (pressure of water in the pores), causing the material to soften with potentially damaging consequences for the structure (excessive settling, failure).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The comprehensive experimental program enabled the testing of some twenty large chalk specimens in order to obtain a fairly complete mechanical characterization of the material, under monotonic and cyclic shear.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In addition, the compressibility and creep properties of the chalk were studied to assess settlement and the long-term behavior (after several years) of the foundations. All of the results obtained were sent to the client for the design of the foundations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color\">A project nearing completion&#8230; <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The F\u00e9camp wind farm was commissioned on May 15, 2024. Making it the second offshore wind farm to be commissioned in France by EDF Renewables and its partners, after Saint-Nazaire (November 2022) and before Calvados (during 2025).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These three offshore wind farms will then account for a total of 215 wind turbines (providing total output of 1425 MW). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>Thanks<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">The authors would like to thank Ms. Elisabeth Palix, head of geotechnical studies at EDF-Renewables, and Mr. Bertrand Allanic, project manager of the F\u00e9camp offshore wind farm, for the partnership in the study of the hydromechanical properties of the F\u00e9camp marine chalk over the period from 2014 to 2017, as well as for their valuable help in finalizing this file.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">They would also like to extend their warmest thanks to the project team from the Navier laboratory&#8217;s Geotechnics team, who invested a great deal of time and effort in carrying out this work, and in particular to Rawaz Muhammed, a post-doc in our team during this period, who was the linchpin of the project, and to Hocine Delmi, Baptiste Chabot and Marine Lemaire, members of the technical team, who made a major contribution to its success.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Article published in April 2024 and updated in April 2025 The energy transition largely depends on the rapid development of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":5524,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_related_content_post":[],"_related_content_subject":[937,936],"_related_content_author":[5687,5685],"_related_content_category":[1720],"_related_content_folder":[5308,8188],"_excerpt":"","_duration":6,"_manual_duration":false,"footnotes":""},"article-types":[13,27],"class_list":["post-5658","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","article-types-article","article-types-folder"],"has_blocks":true,"block_data":[{"blockName":"enpc\/excerpt","attrs":{"lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"","innerContent":[],"rendered":""},{"blockName":"core\/image","attrs":{"id":5786,"sizeSlug":"large","linkDestination":"none","align":"wide","blob":"","url":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/CBeyssier_EDF_CAPA_EOHF_B5D5122_SMALLPRINT_13032024-1024x683.jpg","alt":"","caption":"The F\u00e9camp wind farm is scheduled to be fully commissioned for the end of May 2024, with a total of 71 wind turbines. \u00a9Parc \u00e9olien en mer de F\u00e9camp-CAPA Corporate-CBeyssier","lightbox":[],"title":"","href":"","rel":"","linkClass":"","width":"","height":"","aspectRatio":"","scale":"","linkTarget":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"wp-block-image alignwide size-large","style":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-large\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/CBeyssier_EDF_CAPA_EOHF_B5D5122_SMALLPRINT_13032024-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5786\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The F\u00e9camp wind farm is scheduled to be fully commissioned for the end of May 2024, with a total of 71 wind turbines. \u00a9Parc \u00e9olien en mer de F\u00e9camp-CAPA Corporate-CBeyssier<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","innerContent":["\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-large\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/CBeyssier_EDF_CAPA_EOHF_B5D5122_SMALLPRINT_13032024-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5786\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The F\u00e9camp wind farm is scheduled to be fully commissioned for the end of May 2024, with a total of 71 wind turbines. \u00a9Parc \u00e9olien en mer de F\u00e9camp-CAPA Corporate-CBeyssier<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"],"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-large\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/CBeyssier_EDF_CAPA_EOHF_B5D5122_SMALLPRINT_13032024-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5786\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The F\u00e9camp wind farm is scheduled to be fully commissioned for the end of May 2024, with a total of 71 wind turbines. \u00a9Parc \u00e9olien en mer de F\u00e9camp-CAPA Corporate-CBeyssier<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":"Article published in April 2024 and updated in April 2025","dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p><em>Article published in April 2024 and updated in April 2025<\/em><\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p><em>Article published in April 2024 and updated in April 2025<\/em><\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p><em>Article published in April 2024 and updated in April 2025<\/em><\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":"The energy transition largely depends on the rapid development of renewable energy production systems such as solar energy and wind power. As far as the latter is concerned, some quite significant developments have occurred in the French onshore wind sector. Regarding offshore wind power, and despite its exceptional coastline which is conducive to such developments (Atlantic, Channel, Mediterranean), metropolitan France lags far behind countries such as Germany, Great Britain and Denmark.","dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>The energy transition largely depends on the rapid development of renewable energy production systems such as solar energy and wind power. As far as the latter is concerned, some quite significant developments have occurred in the French onshore wind sector. Regarding offshore wind power, and despite its exceptional coastline which is conducive to such developments (Atlantic, Channel, Mediterranean), metropolitan France lags far behind countries such as Germany, Great Britain and Denmark.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>The energy transition largely depends on the rapid development of renewable energy production systems such as solar energy and wind power. As far as the latter is concerned, some quite significant developments have occurred in the French onshore wind sector. Regarding offshore wind power, and despite its exceptional coastline which is conducive to such developments (Atlantic, Channel, Mediterranean), metropolitan France lags far behind countries such as Germany, Great Britain and Denmark.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>The energy transition largely depends on the rapid development of renewable energy production systems such as solar energy and wind power. As far as the latter is concerned, some quite significant developments have occurred in the French onshore wind sector. Regarding offshore wind power, and despite its exceptional coastline which is conducive to such developments (Atlantic, Channel, Mediterranean), metropolitan France lags far behind countries such as Germany, Great Britain and Denmark.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":"Awareness of this issue was raised in the late 2000s with the first discussions and consultations on the development of offshore wind farms. The first invitations to tender were issued by the French government in the early 2010s, with work starting in the late 2010s and early 2020s. They were generally won by consortia in which EDF-Renouvelables, a subsidiary of EDF [Electricit\u00e9 de France \u2013 the nationalized electric utility company], plays a central role.","dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>Awareness of this issue was raised in the late 2000s with the first discussions and consultations on the development of offshore wind farms. The first invitations to tender were issued by the French government in the early 2010s, with work starting in the late 2010s and early 2020s. They were generally won by consortia in which EDF-Renouvelables, a subsidiary of EDF [Electricit\u00e9 de France \u2013 the nationalized electric utility company], plays a central role.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>Awareness of this issue was raised in the late 2000s with the first discussions and consultations on the development of offshore wind farms. The first invitations to tender were issued by the French government in the early 2010s, with work starting in the late 2010s and early 2020s. They were generally won by consortia in which EDF-Renouvelables, a subsidiary of EDF [Electricit\u00e9 de France \u2013 the nationalized electric utility company], plays a central role.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>Awareness of this issue was raised in the late 2000s with the first discussions and consultations on the development of offshore wind farms. The first invitations to tender were issued by the French government in the early 2010s, with work starting in the late 2010s and early 2020s. They were generally won by consortia in which EDF-Renouvelables, a subsidiary of EDF [Electricit\u00e9 de France \u2013 the nationalized electric utility company], plays a central role.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":"The 2010s saw a surge in the development of offshore wind farm projects. The outlook for offshore wind power in France by 2030 corresponds to 17 offshore wind farms with a combined capacity of around 10 GW.","dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>The 2010s saw a surge in the development of offshore wind farm projects. The outlook for offshore wind power in France by 2030 corresponds to 17 offshore wind farms with a combined capacity of around 10 GW.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>The 2010s saw a surge in the development of offshore wind farm projects. The outlook for offshore wind power in France by 2030 corresponds to 17 offshore wind farms with a combined capacity of around 10 GW.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>The 2010s saw a surge in the development of offshore wind farm projects. The outlook for offshore wind power in France by 2030 corresponds to 17 offshore wind farms with a combined capacity of around 10 GW.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/html","attrs":{"content":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"width: 100%;"},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<div style=\"width: 100%;\"><div style=\"position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.25%; padding-top: 0; height: 0;\"><iframe title=\"Eoliennes offshore - version anglais\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" style=\"position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%;\" src=\"https:\/\/view.genial.ly\/66226d80d78b9e001404e0e9\" type=\"text\/html\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" scrolling=\"yes\" allownetworking=\"all\"><\/iframe> <\/div> <\/div>\n","innerContent":["\n<div style=\"width: 100%;\"><div style=\"position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.25%; padding-top: 0; height: 0;\"><iframe title=\"Eoliennes offshore - version anglais\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" style=\"position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%;\" src=\"https:\/\/view.genial.ly\/66226d80d78b9e001404e0e9\" type=\"text\/html\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" scrolling=\"yes\" allownetworking=\"all\"><\/iframe> <\/div> <\/div>\n"],"rendered":"\n<div style=\"width: 100%;\"><div style=\"position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.25%; padding-top: 0; height: 0;\"><iframe title=\"Eoliennes offshore - version anglais\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" style=\"position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%;\" src=\"https:\/\/view.genial.ly\/66226d80d78b9e001404e0e9\" type=\"text\/html\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" scrolling=\"yes\" allownetworking=\"all\"><\/iframe> <\/div> <\/div>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":"","dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p><\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p><\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p><\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/heading","attrs":{"textColor":"red","textAlign":"","content":"The F\u00e9camp offshore wind farm - Chronology","level":2,"levelOptions":[],"placeholder":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"align":"","className":"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color","style":"","backgroundColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color\">The F\u00e9camp offshore wind farm - Chronology<\/h2>\n","innerContent":["\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color\">The F\u00e9camp offshore wind farm - Chronology<\/h2>\n"],"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color\">The F\u00e9camp offshore wind farm - Chronology<\/h2>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/image","attrs":{"id":8057,"sizeSlug":"large","linkDestination":"none","blob":"","url":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/chronologie_parc_fecamp_EN-1024x576.png","alt":"","caption":"","lightbox":[],"title":"","href":"","rel":"","linkClass":"","width":"","height":"","aspectRatio":"","scale":"","linkTarget":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"align":"","className":"wp-block-image size-large","style":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/chronologie_parc_fecamp_EN-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8057\"\/><\/figure>\n","innerContent":["\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/chronologie_parc_fecamp_EN-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8057\"\/><\/figure>\n"],"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/chronologie_parc_fecamp_EN-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8057\"\/><\/figure>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":"","dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p><\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p><\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p><\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/heading","attrs":{"textColor":"red","textAlign":"","content":"F\u00e9camp offshore wind farm","level":2,"levelOptions":[],"placeholder":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"align":"","className":"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color","style":"","backgroundColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color\">F\u00e9camp offshore wind farm<\/h2>\n","innerContent":["\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color\">F\u00e9camp offshore wind farm<\/h2>\n"],"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color\">F\u00e9camp offshore wind farm<\/h2>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":"The F\u00e9camp offshore wind farm consists of 71 wind turbines, each with a capacity of 7 MW, for a total capacity of almost 500 MW, corresponding to the electricity consumption of around 770,000 people. The wind turbines cover an area of 60 km2, between 13 and 24 km from the coast of F\u00e9camp. These are wind turbines, reaching a height of 180 m from the surface of the water to the tip of a blade in the high vertical position.","dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>The F\u00e9camp offshore wind farm consists of 71 wind turbines, each with a capacity of 7 MW, for a total capacity of almost 500 MW, corresponding to the electricity consumption of around 770,000 people. The wind turbines cover an area of 60 km<sup>2<\/sup>, between 13 and 24 km from the coast of F\u00e9camp. These are wind turbines, reaching a height of 180 m from the surface of the water to the tip of a blade in the high vertical position.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>The F\u00e9camp offshore wind farm consists of 71 wind turbines, each with a capacity of 7 MW, for a total capacity of almost 500 MW, corresponding to the electricity consumption of around 770,000 people. The wind turbines cover an area of 60 km<sup>2<\/sup>, between 13 and 24 km from the coast of F\u00e9camp. These are wind turbines, reaching a height of 180 m from the surface of the water to the tip of a blade in the high vertical position.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>The F\u00e9camp offshore wind farm consists of 71 wind turbines, each with a capacity of 7 MW, for a total capacity of almost 500 MW, corresponding to the electricity consumption of around 770,000 people. The wind turbines cover an area of 60 km<sup>2<\/sup>, between 13 and 24 km from the coast of F\u00e9camp. These are wind turbines, reaching a height of 180 m from the surface of the water to the tip of a blade in the high vertical position.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/heading","attrs":{"textColor":"red","textAlign":"","content":"Wind turbine foundations","level":2,"levelOptions":[],"placeholder":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"align":"","className":"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color","style":"","backgroundColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color\"><strong>Wind turbine foundations<\/strong><\/h2>\n","innerContent":["\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color\"><strong>Wind turbine foundations<\/strong><\/h2>\n"],"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color\"><strong>Wind turbine foundations<\/strong><\/h2>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":"Shallow (gravity-type) foundations, which simply rest on the surface of the seabed and whose weight ensures the stability of the overall structure, have been chosen for these wind turbines. This is a world first, on such a scale, for this type of structure. For many other offshore wind farms, large-diameter monopiles or \u201cjacket\u201d-type structures (a supporting steel lattice resting on four anchor piles sunk in a square configuration) are used for wind turbine foundations.","dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>Shallow (gravity-type) foundations, which simply rest on the surface of the seabed and whose weight ensures the stability of the overall structure, have been chosen for these wind turbines. This is a world first, on such a scale, for this type of structure. For many other offshore wind farms, large-diameter monopiles or \u201cjacket\u201d-type structures (a supporting steel lattice resting on four anchor piles sunk in a square configuration) are used for wind turbine foundations.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>Shallow (gravity-type) foundations, which simply rest on the surface of the seabed and whose weight ensures the stability of the overall structure, have been chosen for these wind turbines. This is a world first, on such a scale, for this type of structure. For many other offshore wind farms, large-diameter monopiles or \u201cjacket\u201d-type structures (a supporting steel lattice resting on four anchor piles sunk in a square configuration) are used for wind turbine foundations.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>Shallow (gravity-type) foundations, which simply rest on the surface of the seabed and whose weight ensures the stability of the overall structure, have been chosen for these wind turbines. This is a world first, on such a scale, for this type of structure. For many other offshore wind farms, large-diameter monopiles or \u201cjacket\u201d-type structures (a supporting steel lattice resting on four anchor piles sunk in a square configuration) are used for wind turbine foundations.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":"Prefabricated on a dedicated production site at the port of Le Havre, the foundations are sunk to a depth of between 48 and 54 meters, depending on the depth of water where the wind turbine is to be installed.","dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>Prefabricated on a dedicated production site at the port of Le Havre, the foundations are sunk to a depth of between 48 and 54 meters, depending on the depth of water where the wind turbine is to be installed.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>Prefabricated on a dedicated production site at the port of Le Havre, the foundations are sunk to a depth of between 48 and 54 meters, depending on the depth of water where the wind turbine is to be installed.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>Prefabricated on a dedicated production site at the port of Le Havre, the foundations are sunk to a depth of between 48 and 54 meters, depending on the depth of water where the wind turbine is to be installed.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":"","dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p><\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p><\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p><\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/gallery","attrs":{"linkTo":"none","images":[],"ids":[],"shortCodeTransforms":[],"columns":0,"caption":"","imageCrop":true,"randomOrder":false,"fixedHeight":true,"linkTarget":"","sizeSlug":"large","allowResize":false,"aspectRatio":"auto","lock":[],"metadata":[],"align":"","className":"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped","style":"","backgroundColor":"","gradient":"","borderColor":"","layout":[],"anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[{"blockName":"core\/image","attrs":{"id":5523,"blob":"","url":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/@Alexandre-Prevot-fondation-gravitaires-sur-lesquelles-reposeront-les-eoliennes-du-parc-eolien-en-mer-de-Fecamp.jpg","alt":"","caption":"Gravity foundations for the F\u00e9camp offshore wind farm turbines. Alexandre Prevot - @flickr - CC BY-SA 2.0 Deed","lightbox":[],"title":"","href":"","rel":"","linkClass":"","width":"","height":"","aspectRatio":"","scale":"","sizeSlug":"","linkDestination":"","linkTarget":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"align":"","className":"wp-block-image","style":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/@Alexandre-Prevot-fondation-gravitaires-sur-lesquelles-reposeront-les-eoliennes-du-parc-eolien-en-mer-de-Fecamp.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5523\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Gravity foundations for the F\u00e9camp offshore wind farm turbines. Alexandre Prevot - <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/alexprevot\/52281525455\/\">@flickr<\/a> - <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/2.0\/\">CC BY-SA 2.0 Deed<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","innerContent":["\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/@Alexandre-Prevot-fondation-gravitaires-sur-lesquelles-reposeront-les-eoliennes-du-parc-eolien-en-mer-de-Fecamp.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5523\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Gravity foundations for the F\u00e9camp offshore wind farm turbines. Alexandre Prevot - <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/alexprevot\/52281525455\/\">@flickr<\/a> - <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/2.0\/\">CC BY-SA 2.0 Deed<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"],"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/@Alexandre-Prevot-fondation-gravitaires-sur-lesquelles-reposeront-les-eoliennes-du-parc-eolien-en-mer-de-Fecamp.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5523\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Gravity foundations for the F\u00e9camp offshore wind farm turbines. Alexandre Prevot - <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/alexprevot\/52281525455\/\">@flickr<\/a> - <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/2.0\/\">CC BY-SA 2.0 Deed<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/image","attrs":{"id":5525,"blob":"","url":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/@ArnaudBouissou_Terra_Grand-port-maritime-du-Havre-Construction-du-futur-parc-eolien-offshore-de-Fecamp.jpg","alt":"","caption":"Construction of the future F\u00e9camp offshore wind farm. Arnaud Bouissou \/ Terra ","lightbox":[],"title":"","href":"","rel":"","linkClass":"","width":"","height":"","aspectRatio":"","scale":"","sizeSlug":"","linkDestination":"","linkTarget":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"align":"","className":"wp-block-image","style":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/@ArnaudBouissou_Terra_Grand-port-maritime-du-Havre-Construction-du-futur-parc-eolien-offshore-de-Fecamp.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5525\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Construction of the future F\u00e9camp offshore wind farm. Arnaud Bouissou \/ Terra <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","innerContent":["\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/@ArnaudBouissou_Terra_Grand-port-maritime-du-Havre-Construction-du-futur-parc-eolien-offshore-de-Fecamp.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5525\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Construction of the future F\u00e9camp offshore wind farm. Arnaud Bouissou \/ Terra <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"],"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/@ArnaudBouissou_Terra_Grand-port-maritime-du-Havre-Construction-du-futur-parc-eolien-offshore-de-Fecamp.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5525\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Construction of the future F\u00e9camp offshore wind farm. Arnaud Bouissou \/ Terra <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"}],"innerHTML":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped\">\n\n<\/figure>\n","innerContent":["\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped\">",null,"\n\n",null,"<\/figure>\n"],"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-4 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/@Alexandre-Prevot-fondation-gravitaires-sur-lesquelles-reposeront-les-eoliennes-du-parc-eolien-en-mer-de-Fecamp.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5523\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Gravity foundations for the F\u00e9camp offshore wind farm turbines. Alexandre Prevot - <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/alexprevot\/52281525455\/\">@flickr<\/a> - <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/2.0\/\">CC BY-SA 2.0 Deed<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/@ArnaudBouissou_Terra_Grand-port-maritime-du-Havre-Construction-du-futur-parc-eolien-offshore-de-Fecamp.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5525\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Construction of the future F\u00e9camp offshore wind farm. Arnaud Bouissou \/ Terra <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":"","dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p><\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p><\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p><\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":"The dimensioning of the foundations is a relatively complex affair due to their non-standard size and the variable stresses to which they are subjected, notably environmental effects (wind, swell, storms, marine currents, earthquakes, tidal waves) and the cyclic stresses induced by the rotation of the turbine blades. The presence of flinty chalk, a highly specific soil with complex behavior, on which the foundations will rest on the sea bed, constitutes an additional difficulty that is characteristic of the F\u00e9camp site.","dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>The dimensioning of the foundations is a relatively complex affair due to their non-standard size and the variable stresses to which they are subjected, notably environmental effects (wind, swell, storms, marine currents, earthquakes, tidal waves) and the cyclic stresses induced by the rotation of the turbine blades. The presence of flinty chalk, a highly specific soil with complex behavior, on which the foundations will rest on the sea bed, constitutes an additional difficulty that is characteristic of the F\u00e9camp site.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>The dimensioning of the foundations is a relatively complex affair due to their non-standard size and the variable stresses to which they are subjected, notably environmental effects (wind, swell, storms, marine currents, earthquakes, tidal waves) and the cyclic stresses induced by the rotation of the turbine blades. The presence of flinty chalk, a highly specific soil with complex behavior, on which the foundations will rest on the sea bed, constitutes an additional difficulty that is characteristic of the F\u00e9camp site.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>The dimensioning of the foundations is a relatively complex affair due to their non-standard size and the variable stresses to which they are subjected, notably environmental effects (wind, swell, storms, marine currents, earthquakes, tidal waves) and the cyclic stresses induced by the rotation of the turbine blades. The presence of flinty chalk, a highly specific soil with complex behavior, on which the foundations will rest on the sea bed, constitutes an additional difficulty that is characteristic of the F\u00e9camp site.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":"When developing this project, EDF-Renouvelables asked the Geotechnical \u00a0team at the Navier laboratory to study the mechanical properties of the marine chalk at F\u00e9camp. The corresponding work took place over a period of around four years, from 2014 to 2017.","dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>When developing this project, EDF-Renouvelables asked the Geotechnical &nbsp;team at the Navier laboratory to study the mechanical properties of the marine chalk at F\u00e9camp. The corresponding work took place over a period of around four years, from 2014 to 2017.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>When developing this project, EDF-Renouvelables asked the Geotechnical &nbsp;team at the Navier laboratory to study the mechanical properties of the marine chalk at F\u00e9camp. The corresponding work took place over a period of around four years, from 2014 to 2017.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>When developing this project, EDF-Renouvelables asked the Geotechnical &nbsp;team at the Navier laboratory to study the mechanical properties of the marine chalk at F\u00e9camp. The corresponding work took place over a period of around four years, from 2014 to 2017.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":"","dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p><\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p><\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p><\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/image","attrs":{"id":5521,"sizeSlug":"full","linkDestination":"none","align":"center","blob":"","url":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/@Constantin123456789-falaise-detretat.jpg","alt":"","caption":"The surface soils found on the seabed in the project area are composed largely of flinty chalk, similar to the chalk forming the cliffs found on the region's coastline. These highly specific soils will support the wind turbines' gravity foundations. It is therefore essential to assess their mechanical characteristics to ensure the correct dimensioning of these foundations. - @Constantien123456789 - Falaise d'Etretat - Wikimedia Commons ","lightbox":[],"title":"","href":"","rel":"","linkClass":"","width":"","height":"","aspectRatio":"","scale":"","linkTarget":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full","style":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/@Constantin123456789-falaise-detretat.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5521\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The surface soils found on the seabed in the project area are composed largely of flinty chalk, similar to the chalk forming the cliffs found on the region's coastline. These highly specific soils will support the wind turbines' gravity foundations. It is therefore essential to assess their mechanical characteristics to ensure the correct dimensioning of these foundations. - @Constantien123456789 - Falaise d'Etretat - <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Etretat_falaise6.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a> <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","innerContent":["\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/@Constantin123456789-falaise-detretat.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5521\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The surface soils found on the seabed in the project area are composed largely of flinty chalk, similar to the chalk forming the cliffs found on the region's coastline. These highly specific soils will support the wind turbines' gravity foundations. It is therefore essential to assess their mechanical characteristics to ensure the correct dimensioning of these foundations. - @Constantien123456789 - Falaise d'Etretat - <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Etretat_falaise6.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a> <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"],"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/@Constantin123456789-falaise-detretat.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5521\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The surface soils found on the seabed in the project area are composed largely of flinty chalk, similar to the chalk forming the cliffs found on the region's coastline. These highly specific soils will support the wind turbines' gravity foundations. It is therefore essential to assess their mechanical characteristics to ensure the correct dimensioning of these foundations. - @Constantien123456789 - Falaise d'Etretat - <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Etretat_falaise6.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a> <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":"","dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p><\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p><\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p><\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/heading","attrs":{"textColor":"red","textAlign":"","content":"The experimental setup","level":2,"levelOptions":[],"placeholder":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"align":"","className":"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color","style":"","backgroundColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color\">The experimental setup<\/h2>\n","innerContent":["\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color\">The experimental setup<\/h2>\n"],"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color\">The experimental setup<\/h2>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":"The experimental setup used is a prototype servo-hydraulic triaxial system, unique in France in the configuration developed in our lab.","dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>The experimental setup used is a prototype servo-hydraulic triaxial system, unique in France in the configuration developed in our lab.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>The experimental setup used is a prototype servo-hydraulic triaxial system, unique in France in the configuration developed in our lab.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>The experimental setup used is a prototype servo-hydraulic triaxial system, unique in France in the configuration developed in our lab.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":"This setup has been designed to test \u00a0large size cylindrical soil specimens (300 mm in diameter and 600 mm in height). Indeed, large specimens are required in order to obtain representative measurements of in situ soil behavior, due to a significant amount of large, several-centimeter-long flint inclusions present in the chalk. The specimen, enclosed in a watertight neoprene membrane, is positioned in a water-filled containment vessel. By pressurizing this water, it is possible to reproduce the stress conditions existing at a given depth on the site. The chalk specimen must also be re-saturated with salt water in order to reproduce the saturated state of the material found on the seabed.","dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>This setup has been designed to test &nbsp;large size cylindrical soil specimens (300 mm in diameter and 600 mm in height). Indeed, large specimens are required in order to obtain representative measurements of <em>in situ<\/em> soil behavior, due to a significant amount of large, several-centimeter-long flint inclusions present in the chalk. The specimen, enclosed in a watertight neoprene membrane, is positioned in a water-filled containment vessel. By pressurizing this water, it is possible to reproduce the stress conditions existing at a given depth on the site. The chalk specimen must also be re-saturated with salt water in order to reproduce the saturated state of the material found on the seabed.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>This setup has been designed to test &nbsp;large size cylindrical soil specimens (300 mm in diameter and 600 mm in height). Indeed, large specimens are required in order to obtain representative measurements of <em>in situ<\/em> soil behavior, due to a significant amount of large, several-centimeter-long flint inclusions present in the chalk. The specimen, enclosed in a watertight neoprene membrane, is positioned in a water-filled containment vessel. By pressurizing this water, it is possible to reproduce the stress conditions existing at a given depth on the site. The chalk specimen must also be re-saturated with salt water in order to reproduce the saturated state of the material found on the seabed.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>This setup has been designed to test &nbsp;large size cylindrical soil specimens (300 mm in diameter and 600 mm in height). Indeed, large specimens are required in order to obtain representative measurements of <em>in situ<\/em> soil behavior, due to a significant amount of large, several-centimeter-long flint inclusions present in the chalk. The specimen, enclosed in a watertight neoprene membrane, is positioned in a water-filled containment vessel. By pressurizing this water, it is possible to reproduce the stress conditions existing at a given depth on the site. The chalk specimen must also be re-saturated with salt water in order to reproduce the saturated state of the material found on the seabed.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":"A 500 kN servo-hydraulic actuator \u00a0then allows to apply a vertical load on top of the specimen , under monotonic or cyclic loading.","dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>A 500 kN servo-hydraulic actuator &nbsp;then allows to apply a vertical load on top of the specimen , under monotonic or cyclic loading.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>A 500 kN servo-hydraulic actuator &nbsp;then allows to apply a vertical load on top of the specimen , under monotonic or cyclic loading.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>A 500 kN servo-hydraulic actuator &nbsp;then allows to apply a vertical load on top of the specimen , under monotonic or cyclic loading.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":"","dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p><\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p><\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p><\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/gallery","attrs":{"columns":1,"imageCrop":false,"linkTo":"none","isSlideshow":true,"images":[],"ids":[],"shortCodeTransforms":[],"caption":"Servo-hydraulic triaxial setup for large soil specimens (diameter 300 mm, height 600 mm) to assess the mechanical properties of chalk for the design of gravity foundations","randomOrder":false,"fixedHeight":true,"linkTarget":"","sizeSlug":"large","allowResize":false,"aspectRatio":"auto","lock":[],"metadata":[],"align":"","className":"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-1","style":"","backgroundColor":"","gradient":"","borderColor":"","layout":[],"anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[{"blockName":"core\/image","attrs":{"id":5358,"blob":"","url":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.4-c.png","alt":"","caption":"Simplified cross-section","lightbox":[],"title":"","href":"","rel":"","linkClass":"","width":"","height":"","aspectRatio":"","scale":"","sizeSlug":"","linkDestination":"","linkTarget":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"align":"","className":"wp-block-image","style":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.4-c.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5358\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Simplified cross-section<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","innerContent":["\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.4-c.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5358\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Simplified cross-section<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"],"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.4-c.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5358\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Simplified cross-section<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/image","attrs":{"id":5356,"blob":"","url":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.4-b.png","alt":"","caption":"3D drawing of the device","lightbox":[],"title":"","href":"","rel":"","linkClass":"","width":"","height":"","aspectRatio":"","scale":"","sizeSlug":"","linkDestination":"","linkTarget":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"align":"","className":"wp-block-image","style":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.4-b.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5356\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">3D drawing of the device<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","innerContent":["\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.4-b.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5356\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">3D drawing of the device<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"],"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.4-b.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5356\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">3D drawing of the device<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/image","attrs":{"id":5354,"blob":"","url":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.4-a.png","alt":"","caption":"Overall view of the device, showing the operating and control cabin","lightbox":[],"title":"","href":"","rel":"","linkClass":"","width":"","height":"","aspectRatio":"","scale":"","sizeSlug":"","linkDestination":"","linkTarget":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"align":"","className":"wp-block-image","style":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.4-a.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5354\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Overall view of the device, showing the operating and control cabin<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","innerContent":["\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.4-a.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5354\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Overall view of the device, showing the operating and control cabin<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"],"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.4-a.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5354\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Overall view of the device, showing the operating and control cabin<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"}],"innerHTML":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-1\">\n\n\n\n<figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-caption wp-element-caption\">Servo-hydraulic triaxial setup for large soil specimens (diameter 300 mm, height 600 mm) to assess the mechanical properties of chalk for the design of gravity foundations<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","innerContent":["\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-1\">",null,"\n\n",null,"\n\n",null,"<figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-caption wp-element-caption\">Servo-hydraulic triaxial setup for large soil specimens (diameter 300 mm, height 600 mm) to assess the mechanical properties of chalk for the design of gravity foundations<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"],"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-1 wp-block-gallery-5 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.4-c.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5358\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Simplified cross-section<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.4-b.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5356\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">3D drawing of the device<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.4-a.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5354\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Overall view of the device, showing the operating and control cabin<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-caption wp-element-caption\">Servo-hydraulic triaxial setup for large soil specimens (diameter 300 mm, height 600 mm) to assess the mechanical properties of chalk for the design of gravity foundations<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/heading","attrs":{"textColor":"red","textAlign":"","content":"Stages of the experimental protocol","level":2,"levelOptions":[],"placeholder":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"align":"","className":"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color","style":"","backgroundColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color\">Stages of the experimental protocol<\/h2>\n","innerContent":["\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color\">Stages of the experimental protocol<\/h2>\n"],"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color\">Stages of the experimental protocol<\/h2>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/gallery","attrs":{"columns":1,"imageCrop":false,"linkTo":"none","isSlideshow":true,"images":[],"ids":[],"shortCodeTransforms":[],"caption":"","randomOrder":false,"fixedHeight":true,"linkTarget":"","sizeSlug":"large","allowResize":false,"aspectRatio":"auto","lock":[],"metadata":[],"align":"","className":"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-1","style":"","backgroundColor":"","gradient":"","borderColor":"","layout":[],"anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[{"blockName":"core\/image","attrs":{"id":5378,"blob":"","url":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-a.png","alt":"","caption":"Original core in its PVC casing (470 mm diameter, 600 mm high) on the cutting support table","lightbox":[],"title":"","href":"","rel":"","linkClass":"","width":"","height":"","aspectRatio":"","scale":"","sizeSlug":"","linkDestination":"","linkTarget":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"align":"","className":"wp-block-image","style":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-a.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5378\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Original core in its PVC casing (470 mm diameter, 600 mm high) on the cutting support table<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","innerContent":["\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-a.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5378\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Original core in its PVC casing (470 mm diameter, 600 mm high) on the cutting support table<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"],"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-a.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5378\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Original core in its PVC casing (470 mm diameter, 600 mm high) on the cutting support table<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/image","attrs":{"id":5366,"blob":"","url":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-b.jpg","alt":"","caption":"Progressive cutting in vertical sections to obtain a diameter of 300 mm","lightbox":[],"title":"","href":"","rel":"","linkClass":"","width":"","height":"","aspectRatio":"","scale":"","sizeSlug":"","linkDestination":"","linkTarget":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"align":"","className":"wp-block-image","style":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-b.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5366\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Progressive cutting in vertical sections to obtain a diameter of 300 mm<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","innerContent":["\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-b.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5366\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Progressive cutting in vertical sections to obtain a diameter of 300 mm<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"],"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-b.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5366\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Progressive cutting in vertical sections to obtain a diameter of 300 mm<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/image","attrs":{"id":5374,"blob":"","url":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-c.png","alt":"","caption":"Upper section cut to 300 mm and protected","lightbox":[],"title":"","href":"","rel":"","linkClass":"","width":"","height":"","aspectRatio":"","scale":"","sizeSlug":"","linkDestination":"","linkTarget":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"align":"","className":"wp-block-image","style":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-c.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5374\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Upper section cut to 300 mm and protected<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","innerContent":["\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-c.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5374\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Upper section cut to 300 mm and protected<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"],"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-c.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5374\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Upper section cut to 300 mm and protected<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/image","attrs":{"id":5371,"blob":"","url":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-d.jpg","alt":"","caption":"300x600 mm specimen transferred to the triaxial cell base","lightbox":[],"title":"","href":"","rel":"","linkClass":"","width":"","height":"","aspectRatio":"","scale":"","sizeSlug":"","linkDestination":"","linkTarget":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"align":"","className":"wp-block-image","style":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-d.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5371\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">300x600 mm specimen transferred to the triaxial cell base<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","innerContent":["\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-d.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5371\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">300x600 mm specimen transferred to the triaxial cell base<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"],"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-d.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5371\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">300x600 mm specimen transferred to the triaxial cell base<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/image","attrs":{"id":5376,"blob":"","url":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-e.jpg","alt":"","caption":"300x600 mm specimen in place on the lower base plate of the triaxial cell","lightbox":[],"title":"","href":"","rel":"","linkClass":"","width":"","height":"","aspectRatio":"","scale":"","sizeSlug":"","linkDestination":"","linkTarget":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"align":"","className":"wp-block-image","style":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-e.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5376\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">300x600 mm specimen in place on the lower base plate of the triaxial cell<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","innerContent":["\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-e.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5376\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">300x600 mm specimen in place on the lower base plate of the triaxial cell<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"],"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-e.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5376\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">300x600 mm specimen in place on the lower base plate of the triaxial cell<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/image","attrs":{"id":5364,"blob":"","url":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-f.jpg","alt":"","caption":"Fitting the cell containment vessel","lightbox":[],"title":"","href":"","rel":"","linkClass":"","width":"","height":"","aspectRatio":"","scale":"","sizeSlug":"","linkDestination":"","linkTarget":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"align":"","className":"wp-block-image","style":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-f.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5364\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fitting the cell containment vessel<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","innerContent":["\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-f.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5364\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fitting the cell containment vessel<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"],"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-f.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5364\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fitting the cell containment vessel<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/image","attrs":{"id":5369,"blob":"","url":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-g.jpg","alt":"","caption":"Installing the triaxial cell tie rods","lightbox":[],"title":"","href":"","rel":"","linkClass":"","width":"","height":"","aspectRatio":"","scale":"","sizeSlug":"","linkDestination":"","linkTarget":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"align":"","className":"wp-block-image","style":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-g.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5369\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Installing the triaxial cell tie rods<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","innerContent":["\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-g.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5369\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Installing the triaxial cell tie rods<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"],"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-g.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5369\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Installing the triaxial cell tie rods<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/image","attrs":{"id":5365,"blob":"","url":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-h.jpg","alt":"","caption":"Fitting the cell lid and adjusting \u00a0the servo-hydraulic actuator.","lightbox":[],"title":"","href":"","rel":"","linkClass":"","width":"","height":"","aspectRatio":"","scale":"","sizeSlug":"","linkDestination":"","linkTarget":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"align":"","className":"wp-block-image","style":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-h.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5365\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fitting the cell lid and adjusting &nbsp;the servo-hydraulic actuator.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","innerContent":["\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-h.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5365\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fitting the cell lid and adjusting &nbsp;the servo-hydraulic actuator.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"],"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-h.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5365\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fitting the cell lid and adjusting &nbsp;the servo-hydraulic actuator.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"}],"innerHTML":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-1\">\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n","innerContent":["\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-1\">",null,"\n\n",null,"\n\n",null,"\n\n",null,"\n\n",null,"\n\n",null,"\n\n",null,"\n\n",null,"<\/figure>\n"],"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-1 wp-block-gallery-6 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-a.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5378\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Original core in its PVC casing (470 mm diameter, 600 mm high) on the cutting support table<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-b.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5366\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Progressive cutting in vertical sections to obtain a diameter of 300 mm<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-c.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5374\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Upper section cut to 300 mm and protected<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-d.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5371\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">300x600 mm specimen transferred to the triaxial cell base<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-e.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5376\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">300x600 mm specimen in place on the lower base plate of the triaxial cell<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-f.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5364\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fitting the cell containment vessel<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-g.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5369\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Installing the triaxial cell tie rods<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fig.5-h.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5365\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fitting the cell lid and adjusting &nbsp;the servo-hydraulic actuator.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/heading","attrs":{"textColor":"red","textAlign":"","content":"Developing a more detailed understanding of the F\u00e9camp chalk","level":2,"levelOptions":[],"placeholder":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"align":"","className":"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color","style":"","backgroundColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color\">Developing a more detailed understanding of the F\u00e9camp chalk<\/h2>\n","innerContent":["\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color\">Developing a more detailed understanding of the F\u00e9camp chalk<\/h2>\n"],"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color\">Developing a more detailed understanding of the F\u00e9camp chalk<\/h2>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":"In order to design the wind turbine foundations, the mechanical behavior of chalk specimens needed to be analyzed under monotonic compressive and cyclic loading. Monotonic loading tests provide information about the material's stiffness properties within the small deformation range, and its failure characteristics, which are essential for assessing the foundation\u2019s load-bearing capacity (failure load). Cyclic loading tests are used to study the behavior of chalk under cyclic loads, such as the effects of a heavy swell on the foundations. This cyclic loading may generate a significant build-up of interstitial pressure within the chalk (pressure of water in the pores), causing the material to soften with potentially damaging consequences for the structure (excessive settling, failure).","dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>In order to design the wind turbine foundations, the mechanical behavior of chalk specimens needed to be analyzed under monotonic compressive and cyclic loading. Monotonic loading tests provide information about the material's stiffness properties within the small deformation range, and its failure characteristics, which are essential for assessing the foundation\u2019s load-bearing capacity (failure load). Cyclic loading tests are used to study the behavior of chalk under cyclic loads, such as the effects of a heavy swell on the foundations. This cyclic loading may generate a significant build-up of interstitial pressure within the chalk (pressure of water in the pores), causing the material to soften with potentially damaging consequences for the structure (excessive settling, failure).<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>In order to design the wind turbine foundations, the mechanical behavior of chalk specimens needed to be analyzed under monotonic compressive and cyclic loading. Monotonic loading tests provide information about the material's stiffness properties within the small deformation range, and its failure characteristics, which are essential for assessing the foundation\u2019s load-bearing capacity (failure load). Cyclic loading tests are used to study the behavior of chalk under cyclic loads, such as the effects of a heavy swell on the foundations. This cyclic loading may generate a significant build-up of interstitial pressure within the chalk (pressure of water in the pores), causing the material to soften with potentially damaging consequences for the structure (excessive settling, failure).<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>In order to design the wind turbine foundations, the mechanical behavior of chalk specimens needed to be analyzed under monotonic compressive and cyclic loading. Monotonic loading tests provide information about the material's stiffness properties within the small deformation range, and its failure characteristics, which are essential for assessing the foundation\u2019s load-bearing capacity (failure load). Cyclic loading tests are used to study the behavior of chalk under cyclic loads, such as the effects of a heavy swell on the foundations. This cyclic loading may generate a significant build-up of interstitial pressure within the chalk (pressure of water in the pores), causing the material to soften with potentially damaging consequences for the structure (excessive settling, failure).<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":"The comprehensive experimental program enabled the testing of some twenty large chalk specimens in order to obtain a fairly complete mechanical characterization of the material, under monotonic and cyclic shear.","dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>The comprehensive experimental program enabled the testing of some twenty large chalk specimens in order to obtain a fairly complete mechanical characterization of the material, under monotonic and cyclic shear.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>The comprehensive experimental program enabled the testing of some twenty large chalk specimens in order to obtain a fairly complete mechanical characterization of the material, under monotonic and cyclic shear.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>The comprehensive experimental program enabled the testing of some twenty large chalk specimens in order to obtain a fairly complete mechanical characterization of the material, under monotonic and cyclic shear.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":"In addition, the compressibility and creep properties of the chalk were studied to assess settlement and the long-term behavior (after several years) of the foundations. All of the results obtained were sent to the client for the design of the foundations.","dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>In addition, the compressibility and creep properties of the chalk were studied to assess settlement and the long-term behavior (after several years) of the foundations. All of the results obtained were sent to the client for the design of the foundations.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>In addition, the compressibility and creep properties of the chalk were studied to assess settlement and the long-term behavior (after several years) of the foundations. All of the results obtained were sent to the client for the design of the foundations.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>In addition, the compressibility and creep properties of the chalk were studied to assess settlement and the long-term behavior (after several years) of the foundations. All of the results obtained were sent to the client for the design of the foundations.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":"","dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p><\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p><\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p><\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/heading","attrs":{"textColor":"red","textAlign":"","content":"A project nearing completion... ","level":2,"levelOptions":[],"placeholder":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"align":"","className":"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color","style":"","backgroundColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color\">A project nearing completion... <\/h2>\n","innerContent":["\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color\">A project nearing completion... <\/h2>\n"],"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color\">A project nearing completion... <\/h2>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":"The F\u00e9camp wind farm was commissioned on May 15, 2024. Making it the second offshore wind farm to be commissioned in France by EDF Renewables and its partners, after Saint-Nazaire (November 2022) and before Calvados (during 2025).","dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>The F\u00e9camp wind farm was commissioned on May 15, 2024. Making it the second offshore wind farm to be commissioned in France by EDF Renewables and its partners, after Saint-Nazaire (November 2022) and before Calvados (during 2025).<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>The F\u00e9camp wind farm was commissioned on May 15, 2024. Making it the second offshore wind farm to be commissioned in France by EDF Renewables and its partners, after Saint-Nazaire (November 2022) and before Calvados (during 2025).<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>The F\u00e9camp wind farm was commissioned on May 15, 2024. Making it the second offshore wind farm to be commissioned in France by EDF Renewables and its partners, after Saint-Nazaire (November 2022) and before Calvados (during 2025).<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":"These three offshore wind farms will then account for a total of 215 wind turbines (providing total output of 1425 MW). ","dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>These three offshore wind farms will then account for a total of 215 wind turbines (providing total output of 1425 MW). <\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>These three offshore wind farms will then account for a total of 215 wind turbines (providing total output of 1425 MW). <\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>These three offshore wind farms will then account for a total of 215 wind turbines (providing total output of 1425 MW). <\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":"","dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p><\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p><\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p><\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"fontSize":"small","align":"","content":"Thanks","dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"has-small-font-size","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>Thanks<\/strong><\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>Thanks<\/strong><\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>Thanks<\/strong><\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"fontSize":"small","align":"","content":"The authors would like to thank Ms. Elisabeth Palix, head of geotechnical studies at EDF-Renewables, and Mr. Bertrand Allanic, project manager of the F\u00e9camp offshore wind farm, for the partnership in the study of the hydromechanical properties of the F\u00e9camp marine chalk over the period from 2014 to 2017, as well as for their valuable help in finalizing this file.","dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"has-small-font-size","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">The authors would like to thank Ms. Elisabeth Palix, head of geotechnical studies at EDF-Renewables, and Mr. Bertrand Allanic, project manager of the F\u00e9camp offshore wind farm, for the partnership in the study of the hydromechanical properties of the F\u00e9camp marine chalk over the period from 2014 to 2017, as well as for their valuable help in finalizing this file.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">The authors would like to thank Ms. Elisabeth Palix, head of geotechnical studies at EDF-Renewables, and Mr. Bertrand Allanic, project manager of the F\u00e9camp offshore wind farm, for the partnership in the study of the hydromechanical properties of the F\u00e9camp marine chalk over the period from 2014 to 2017, as well as for their valuable help in finalizing this file.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">The authors would like to thank Ms. Elisabeth Palix, head of geotechnical studies at EDF-Renewables, and Mr. Bertrand Allanic, project manager of the F\u00e9camp offshore wind farm, for the partnership in the study of the hydromechanical properties of the F\u00e9camp marine chalk over the period from 2014 to 2017, as well as for their valuable help in finalizing this file.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"fontSize":"small","align":"","content":"They would also like to extend their warmest thanks to the project team from the Navier laboratory's Geotechnics team, who invested a great deal of time and effort in carrying out this work, and in particular to Rawaz Muhammed, a post-doc in our team during this period, who was the linchpin of the project, and to Hocine Delmi, Baptiste Chabot and Marine Lemaire, members of the technical team, who made a major contribution to its success.","dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"has-small-font-size","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">They would also like to extend their warmest thanks to the project team from the Navier laboratory's Geotechnics team, who invested a great deal of time and effort in carrying out this work, and in particular to Rawaz Muhammed, a post-doc in our team during this period, who was the linchpin of the project, and to Hocine Delmi, Baptiste Chabot and Marine Lemaire, members of the technical team, who made a major contribution to its success.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">They would also like to extend their warmest thanks to the project team from the Navier laboratory's Geotechnics team, who invested a great deal of time and effort in carrying out this work, and in particular to Rawaz Muhammed, a post-doc in our team during this period, who was the linchpin of the project, and to Hocine Delmi, Baptiste Chabot and Marine Lemaire, members of the technical team, who made a major contribution to its success.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">They would also like to extend their warmest thanks to the project team from the Navier laboratory's Geotechnics team, who invested a great deal of time and effort in carrying out this work, and in particular to Rawaz Muhammed, a post-doc in our team during this period, who was the linchpin of the project, and to Hocine Delmi, Baptiste Chabot and Marine Lemaire, members of the technical team, who made a major contribution to its success.<\/p>\n"}],"seo":{"title":"The key role of soil investigation in the design of offshore wind turbine foundations: example of the F\u00e9camp offshore wind farm"},"media":{"img":"<img width=\"640\" height=\"427\" src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/@Alexandre-Prevot-fondation-gravitaires-sur-lesquelles-reposeront-les-eoliennes-du-parc-eolien-en-mer-de-Fecamp.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/@Alexandre-Prevot-fondation-gravitaires-sur-lesquelles-reposeront-les-eoliennes-du-parc-eolien-en-mer-de-Fecamp.jpg 640w, 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height=\"1080\" src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Ecole-des-ponts-webmagazine-energie.jpg\" class=\"attachment- size- wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Ecole-des-ponts-webmagazine-energie.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Ecole-des-ponts-webmagazine-energie-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Ecole-des-ponts-webmagazine-energie-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Ecole-des-ponts-webmagazine-energie-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>","slug":"energy-ecology-climate"},{"title":"Cities, Urban planning &#038; Construction","url":"\/en\/subjects\/cities-urban-planning-construction\/","id":"936","media":"<img width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Ecole-des-ponts-webmagazine-ville.jpg\" class=\"attachment- size- wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Ecole-des-ponts-webmagazine-ville.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Ecole-des-ponts-webmagazine-ville-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Ecole-des-ponts-webmagazine-ville-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Ecole-des-ponts-webmagazine-ville-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>","slug":"cities-urban-planning-construction"}],"category":[{"title":"Article collection","url":"\/en\/articles\/category\/dossier\/","id":"1720","media":"","slug":"dossier","_related_post_type":"folder"}],"folder":[{"title":"Soil and subsoil for the energy transition","url":"\/en\/folders\/soil-and-subsoil-for-the-energy-transition\/","id":"5308","media":"<img width=\"3504\" height=\"1436\" src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Ingenius-dessin.png\" class=\"attachment- size- wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Ingenius-dessin.png 3504w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Ingenius-dessin-300x123.png 300w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Ingenius-dessin-1024x420.png 1024w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Ingenius-dessin-768x315.png 768w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Ingenius-dessin-1920x787.png 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 3504px) 100vw, 3504px\" \/>","slug":"soil-and-subsoil-for-the-energy-transition"},{"title":"The promise of offshore wind power. 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