{"id":6399,"date":"2024-06-18T10:16:44","date_gmt":"2024-06-18T08:16:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/?p=6399"},"modified":"2025-07-29T16:16:54","modified_gmt":"2025-07-29T14:16:54","slug":"editorial","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/en\/articles\/editorial\/","title":{"rendered":"Editorial"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n<p>In 2020, one human being in six lived in Africa, and almost one human being in two will be born in Africa by 2050. By this date, almost 60% of the African population will be living in urban areas, compared with 45% today. Africa appears to be a region undergoing rapid change, not only in terms of demographics and urban development, but also in terms of infrastructure and the adoption and use of information and communication technologies (ICTs). For decades, the continent&#8217;s cities have suffered from underinvestment in essential infrastructure and public services. The trend has recently been reversed, thanks to the economic vitality of many of the 54 countries and renewed interest in Africa on the part of international funding agencies and other international partners. Symmetrically, investment in mobility systems in African cities has also been neglected by research players and funders, both on the continent and internationally. Times are changing in this field too, but the challenges ahead are considerable and call for an intensified research effort into mobility in Africa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One major cause for concern is the increase in car ownership and use. In 2020, the number of cars and vans on the road in Africa was estimated at 60 million, or 50 vehicles per 1,000 inhabitants. This strong growth rate does not take into account motorized two- and three-wheelers, which have seen massive growth in ownership over the past 15 years. In addition, this rate is likely to rise sharply under the combined effect of the development of the automotive industry in several countries on the continent (South Africa, Morocco, Nigeria, among others) and the massive exports planned by China and India (for new vehicles) and by the European Union, the United States, Japan and Korea (for used vehicles). The prospect of strong growth in the number of cars on the road in Africa is causing concern not only among African governments, but around the world, given the risks to the environment and to people. Another cause for concern is the increase in accidents on the road. In 2016, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/home\">World Health Organization<\/a> reported a road fatality rate of 27 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants in Africa (compared with 5 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants in France in the same year), i.e. almost 325,000 deaths in one year. When compared against the number of vehicles on the road, annual road fatality rates were estimated in the region of 600 deaths per 100,000 vehicles in Africa, compared with 9 deaths per 100,000 vehicles in France. In this respect too, the prospect of strong growth in the number of African cars on the road is cause for concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The research carried out by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lvmt.fr\/en\/\">Laboratoire Ville Mobilit\u00e9 Transport<\/a><sup data-fn=\"4d1a7e5a-2a8f-45c9-832e-e7aed930b555\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#4d1a7e5a-2a8f-45c9-832e-e7aed930b555\" id=\"4d1a7e5a-2a8f-45c9-832e-e7aed930b555-link\">1<\/a><\/sup> on mobility in Africa provides insights into the challenges of mobility transition on the continent and helps to change the way we look at the dynamics taking place there, in highly diverse local contexts that are complex to grasp. The old coexists with the new, the secular with the spiritual, and the local and traditional with international influences. In this context, LVMT&#8217;s research focuses on observing the dynamics of the transformation of mobility systems, analyzing the governance and interplay of the players involved in these transformations and examining the interactions between public policies, services and mobility practices. This research is multidisciplinary by design, combines qualitative and quantitative approaches, and takes place both in the field and in the office. It collects data where it is lacking, or consolidates it where it is heterogeneous or scattered. It is committed to bringing together a research ecosystem that is still in its infancy, in particular by including researchers from higher education and research institutions in Africa and by helping to organize symposia, conference sessions and seminars to raise their profile. This research feeds the training partnerships that Ecole nationale des ponts et chauss\u00e9es has forged with various partner institutions in Africa: the University Mohammed VI Polytechnic in Morocco, Institut National Polytechnique Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny in C\u00f4te d&#8217;Ivoire and soon the <em>Conseil Ex\u00e9cutif des Transports Urbains Durables<\/em> (CETUD) in Senegal. Training &#8211; at all levels of qualification and in all mobility-related fields of expertise &#8211; is the main challenge facing the continent if it is to accompany the transitions in mobility (in both environmental and social terms) that are called for in an abundance of scenarios in strategic plans, master plans, defined contributions and other planning documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On behalf of the entire team behind this issue of Ingenius, to whom I would like to offer my warmest thanks, I hope you find it inspiring reading. We would be delighted if this issue could shed light on these fascinating topics, make a real contribution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Virginie Bouteuil<\/p>\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-footnotes\"><li id=\"4d1a7e5a-2a8f-45c9-832e-e7aed930b555\">A joint research unit of \u00c9cole nationale des ponts et chauss\u00e9es and Universit\u00e9 Gustave Eiffel <a href=\"#4d1a7e5a-2a8f-45c9-832e-e7aed930b555-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 1\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In 2020, one human being in six lived in Africa, and almost one human being in two will be born [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":6300,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_related_content_post":[],"_related_content_subject":[936,692],"_related_content_author":[6457],"_related_content_category":[1720,1716],"_related_content_folder":[6454],"_excerpt":"","_duration":4,"_manual_duration":false,"footnotes":"[{\"content\":\"A joint research unit of \u00c9cole nationale des ponts et chauss\u00e9es and Universit\u00e9 Gustave Eiffel\",\"id\":\"4d1a7e5a-2a8f-45c9-832e-e7aed930b555\"}]"},"article-types":[13,27],"class_list":["post-6399","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","article-types-article","article-types-folder"],"has_blocks":true,"block_data":[{"blockName":"enpc\/excerpt","attrs":{"lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"","innerContent":[],"rendered":""},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":"In 2020, one human being in six lived in Africa, and almost one human being in two will be born in Africa by 2050. By this date, almost 60% of the African population will be living in urban areas, compared with 45% today. Africa appears to be a region undergoing rapid change, not only in terms of demographics and urban development, but also in terms of infrastructure and the adoption and use of information and communication technologies (ICTs). For decades, the continent's cities have suffered from underinvestment in essential infrastructure and public services. The trend has recently been reversed, thanks to the economic vitality of many of the 54 countries and renewed interest in Africa on the part of international funding agencies and other international partners. Symmetrically, investment in mobility systems in African cities has also been neglected by research players and funders, both on the continent and internationally. Times are changing in this field too, but the challenges ahead are considerable and call for an intensified research effort into mobility in Africa.","dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>In 2020, one human being in six lived in Africa, and almost one human being in two will be born in Africa by 2050. By this date, almost 60% of the African population will be living in urban areas, compared with 45% today. Africa appears to be a region undergoing rapid change, not only in terms of demographics and urban development, but also in terms of infrastructure and the adoption and use of information and communication technologies (ICTs). For decades, the continent's cities have suffered from underinvestment in essential infrastructure and public services. The trend has recently been reversed, thanks to the economic vitality of many of the 54 countries and renewed interest in Africa on the part of international funding agencies and other international partners. Symmetrically, investment in mobility systems in African cities has also been neglected by research players and funders, both on the continent and internationally. Times are changing in this field too, but the challenges ahead are considerable and call for an intensified research effort into mobility in Africa.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>In 2020, one human being in six lived in Africa, and almost one human being in two will be born in Africa by 2050. By this date, almost 60% of the African population will be living in urban areas, compared with 45% today. Africa appears to be a region undergoing rapid change, not only in terms of demographics and urban development, but also in terms of infrastructure and the adoption and use of information and communication technologies (ICTs). For decades, the continent's cities have suffered from underinvestment in essential infrastructure and public services. The trend has recently been reversed, thanks to the economic vitality of many of the 54 countries and renewed interest in Africa on the part of international funding agencies and other international partners. Symmetrically, investment in mobility systems in African cities has also been neglected by research players and funders, both on the continent and internationally. Times are changing in this field too, but the challenges ahead are considerable and call for an intensified research effort into mobility in Africa.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>In 2020, one human being in six lived in Africa, and almost one human being in two will be born in Africa by 2050. By this date, almost 60% of the African population will be living in urban areas, compared with 45% today. Africa appears to be a region undergoing rapid change, not only in terms of demographics and urban development, but also in terms of infrastructure and the adoption and use of information and communication technologies (ICTs). For decades, the continent's cities have suffered from underinvestment in essential infrastructure and public services. The trend has recently been reversed, thanks to the economic vitality of many of the 54 countries and renewed interest in Africa on the part of international funding agencies and other international partners. Symmetrically, investment in mobility systems in African cities has also been neglected by research players and funders, both on the continent and internationally. Times are changing in this field too, but the challenges ahead are considerable and call for an intensified research effort into mobility in Africa.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":"One major cause for concern is the increase in car ownership and use. In 2020, the number of cars and vans on the road in Africa was estimated at 60 million, or 50 vehicles per 1,000 inhabitants. This strong growth rate does not take into account motorized two- and three-wheelers, which have seen massive growth in ownership over the past 15 years. In addition, this rate is likely to rise sharply under the combined effect of the development of the automotive industry in several countries on the continent (South Africa, Morocco, Nigeria, among others) and the massive exports planned by China and India (for new vehicles) and by the European Union, the United States, Japan and Korea (for used vehicles). The prospect of strong growth in the number of cars on the road in Africa is causing concern not only among African governments, but around the world, given the risks to the environment and to people. Another cause for concern is the increase in accidents on the road. In 2016, the World Health Organization reported a road fatality rate of 27 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants in Africa (compared with 5 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants in France in the same year), i.e. almost 325,000 deaths in one year. When compared against the number of vehicles on the road, annual road fatality rates were estimated in the region of 600 deaths per 100,000 vehicles in Africa, compared with 9 deaths per 100,000 vehicles in France. In this respect too, the prospect of strong growth in the number of African cars on the road is cause for concern.","dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>One major cause for concern is the increase in car ownership and use. In 2020, the number of cars and vans on the road in Africa was estimated at 60 million, or 50 vehicles per 1,000 inhabitants. This strong growth rate does not take into account motorized two- and three-wheelers, which have seen massive growth in ownership over the past 15 years. In addition, this rate is likely to rise sharply under the combined effect of the development of the automotive industry in several countries on the continent (South Africa, Morocco, Nigeria, among others) and the massive exports planned by China and India (for new vehicles) and by the European Union, the United States, Japan and Korea (for used vehicles). The prospect of strong growth in the number of cars on the road in Africa is causing concern not only among African governments, but around the world, given the risks to the environment and to people. Another cause for concern is the increase in accidents on the road. In 2016, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/home\">World Health Organization<\/a> reported a road fatality rate of 27 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants in Africa (compared with 5 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants in France in the same year), i.e. almost 325,000 deaths in one year. When compared against the number of vehicles on the road, annual road fatality rates were estimated in the region of 600 deaths per 100,000 vehicles in Africa, compared with 9 deaths per 100,000 vehicles in France. In this respect too, the prospect of strong growth in the number of African cars on the road is cause for concern.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>One major cause for concern is the increase in car ownership and use. In 2020, the number of cars and vans on the road in Africa was estimated at 60 million, or 50 vehicles per 1,000 inhabitants. This strong growth rate does not take into account motorized two- and three-wheelers, which have seen massive growth in ownership over the past 15 years. In addition, this rate is likely to rise sharply under the combined effect of the development of the automotive industry in several countries on the continent (South Africa, Morocco, Nigeria, among others) and the massive exports planned by China and India (for new vehicles) and by the European Union, the United States, Japan and Korea (for used vehicles). The prospect of strong growth in the number of cars on the road in Africa is causing concern not only among African governments, but around the world, given the risks to the environment and to people. Another cause for concern is the increase in accidents on the road. In 2016, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/home\">World Health Organization<\/a> reported a road fatality rate of 27 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants in Africa (compared with 5 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants in France in the same year), i.e. almost 325,000 deaths in one year. When compared against the number of vehicles on the road, annual road fatality rates were estimated in the region of 600 deaths per 100,000 vehicles in Africa, compared with 9 deaths per 100,000 vehicles in France. In this respect too, the prospect of strong growth in the number of African cars on the road is cause for concern.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>One major cause for concern is the increase in car ownership and use. In 2020, the number of cars and vans on the road in Africa was estimated at 60 million, or 50 vehicles per 1,000 inhabitants. This strong growth rate does not take into account motorized two- and three-wheelers, which have seen massive growth in ownership over the past 15 years. In addition, this rate is likely to rise sharply under the combined effect of the development of the automotive industry in several countries on the continent (South Africa, Morocco, Nigeria, among others) and the massive exports planned by China and India (for new vehicles) and by the European Union, the United States, Japan and Korea (for used vehicles). The prospect of strong growth in the number of cars on the road in Africa is causing concern not only among African governments, but around the world, given the risks to the environment and to people. Another cause for concern is the increase in accidents on the road. In 2016, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/home\">World Health Organization<\/a> reported a road fatality rate of 27 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants in Africa (compared with 5 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants in France in the same year), i.e. almost 325,000 deaths in one year. When compared against the number of vehicles on the road, annual road fatality rates were estimated in the region of 600 deaths per 100,000 vehicles in Africa, compared with 9 deaths per 100,000 vehicles in France. In this respect too, the prospect of strong growth in the number of African cars on the road is cause for concern.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":"The research carried out by the Laboratoire Ville Mobilit\u00e9 Transport1 on mobility in Africa provides insights into the challenges of mobility transition on the continent and helps to change the way we look at the dynamics taking place there, in highly diverse local contexts that are complex to grasp. The old coexists with the new, the secular with the spiritual, and the local and traditional with international influences. In this context, LVMT's research focuses on observing the dynamics of the transformation of mobility systems, analyzing the governance and interplay of the players involved in these transformations and examining the interactions between public policies, services and mobility practices. This research is multidisciplinary by design, combines qualitative and quantitative approaches, and takes place both in the field and in the office. It collects data where it is lacking, or consolidates it where it is heterogeneous or scattered. It is committed to bringing together a research ecosystem that is still in its infancy, in particular by including researchers from higher education and research institutions in Africa and by helping to organize symposia, conference sessions and seminars to raise their profile. This research feeds the training partnerships that Ecole nationale des ponts et chauss\u00e9es has forged with various partner institutions in Africa: the University Mohammed VI Polytechnic in Morocco, Institut National Polytechnique Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny in C\u00f4te d'Ivoire and soon the Conseil Ex\u00e9cutif des Transports Urbains Durables (CETUD) in Senegal. Training - at all levels of qualification and in all mobility-related fields of expertise - is the main challenge facing the continent if it is to accompany the transitions in mobility (in both environmental and social terms) that are called for in an abundance of scenarios in strategic plans, master plans, defined contributions and other planning documents.","dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>The research carried out by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lvmt.fr\/en\/\">Laboratoire Ville Mobilit\u00e9 Transport<\/a><sup data-fn=\"4d1a7e5a-2a8f-45c9-832e-e7aed930b555\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#4d1a7e5a-2a8f-45c9-832e-e7aed930b555\" id=\"4d1a7e5a-2a8f-45c9-832e-e7aed930b555-link\">1<\/a><\/sup> on mobility in Africa provides insights into the challenges of mobility transition on the continent and helps to change the way we look at the dynamics taking place there, in highly diverse local contexts that are complex to grasp. The old coexists with the new, the secular with the spiritual, and the local and traditional with international influences. In this context, LVMT's research focuses on observing the dynamics of the transformation of mobility systems, analyzing the governance and interplay of the players involved in these transformations and examining the interactions between public policies, services and mobility practices. This research is multidisciplinary by design, combines qualitative and quantitative approaches, and takes place both in the field and in the office. It collects data where it is lacking, or consolidates it where it is heterogeneous or scattered. It is committed to bringing together a research ecosystem that is still in its infancy, in particular by including researchers from higher education and research institutions in Africa and by helping to organize symposia, conference sessions and seminars to raise their profile. This research feeds the training partnerships that Ecole nationale des ponts et chauss\u00e9es has forged with various partner institutions in Africa: the University Mohammed VI Polytechnic in Morocco, Institut National Polytechnique Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny in C\u00f4te d'Ivoire and soon the <em>Conseil Ex\u00e9cutif des Transports Urbains Durables<\/em> (CETUD) in Senegal. Training - at all levels of qualification and in all mobility-related fields of expertise - is the main challenge facing the continent if it is to accompany the transitions in mobility (in both environmental and social terms) that are called for in an abundance of scenarios in strategic plans, master plans, defined contributions and other planning documents.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>The research carried out by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lvmt.fr\/en\/\">Laboratoire Ville Mobilit\u00e9 Transport<\/a><sup data-fn=\"4d1a7e5a-2a8f-45c9-832e-e7aed930b555\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#4d1a7e5a-2a8f-45c9-832e-e7aed930b555\" id=\"4d1a7e5a-2a8f-45c9-832e-e7aed930b555-link\">1<\/a><\/sup> on mobility in Africa provides insights into the challenges of mobility transition on the continent and helps to change the way we look at the dynamics taking place there, in highly diverse local contexts that are complex to grasp. The old coexists with the new, the secular with the spiritual, and the local and traditional with international influences. In this context, LVMT's research focuses on observing the dynamics of the transformation of mobility systems, analyzing the governance and interplay of the players involved in these transformations and examining the interactions between public policies, services and mobility practices. This research is multidisciplinary by design, combines qualitative and quantitative approaches, and takes place both in the field and in the office. It collects data where it is lacking, or consolidates it where it is heterogeneous or scattered. It is committed to bringing together a research ecosystem that is still in its infancy, in particular by including researchers from higher education and research institutions in Africa and by helping to organize symposia, conference sessions and seminars to raise their profile. This research feeds the training partnerships that Ecole nationale des ponts et chauss\u00e9es has forged with various partner institutions in Africa: the University Mohammed VI Polytechnic in Morocco, Institut National Polytechnique Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny in C\u00f4te d'Ivoire and soon the <em>Conseil Ex\u00e9cutif des Transports Urbains Durables<\/em> (CETUD) in Senegal. Training - at all levels of qualification and in all mobility-related fields of expertise - is the main challenge facing the continent if it is to accompany the transitions in mobility (in both environmental and social terms) that are called for in an abundance of scenarios in strategic plans, master plans, defined contributions and other planning documents.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>The research carried out by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lvmt.fr\/en\/\">Laboratoire Ville Mobilit\u00e9 Transport<\/a><sup data-fn=\"4d1a7e5a-2a8f-45c9-832e-e7aed930b555\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#4d1a7e5a-2a8f-45c9-832e-e7aed930b555\" id=\"4d1a7e5a-2a8f-45c9-832e-e7aed930b555-link\">1<\/a><\/sup> on mobility in Africa provides insights into the challenges of mobility transition on the continent and helps to change the way we look at the dynamics taking place there, in highly diverse local contexts that are complex to grasp. The old coexists with the new, the secular with the spiritual, and the local and traditional with international influences. In this context, LVMT's research focuses on observing the dynamics of the transformation of mobility systems, analyzing the governance and interplay of the players involved in these transformations and examining the interactions between public policies, services and mobility practices. This research is multidisciplinary by design, combines qualitative and quantitative approaches, and takes place both in the field and in the office. It collects data where it is lacking, or consolidates it where it is heterogeneous or scattered. It is committed to bringing together a research ecosystem that is still in its infancy, in particular by including researchers from higher education and research institutions in Africa and by helping to organize symposia, conference sessions and seminars to raise their profile. This research feeds the training partnerships that Ecole nationale des ponts et chauss\u00e9es has forged with various partner institutions in Africa: the University Mohammed VI Polytechnic in Morocco, Institut National Polytechnique Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny in C\u00f4te d'Ivoire and soon the <em>Conseil Ex\u00e9cutif des Transports Urbains Durables<\/em> (CETUD) in Senegal. Training - at all levels of qualification and in all mobility-related fields of expertise - is the main challenge facing the continent if it is to accompany the transitions in mobility (in both environmental and social terms) that are called for in an abundance of scenarios in strategic plans, master plans, defined contributions and other planning documents.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":"On behalf of the entire team behind this issue of Ingenius, to whom I would like to offer my warmest thanks, I hope you find it inspiring reading. We would be delighted if this issue could shed light on these fascinating topics, make a real contribution.","dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>On behalf of the entire team behind this issue of Ingenius, to whom I would like to offer my warmest thanks, I hope you find it inspiring reading. We would be delighted if this issue could shed light on these fascinating topics, make a real contribution.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>On behalf of the entire team behind this issue of Ingenius, to whom I would like to offer my warmest thanks, I hope you find it inspiring reading. We would be delighted if this issue could shed light on these fascinating topics, make a real contribution.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>On behalf of the entire team behind this issue of Ingenius, to whom I would like to offer my warmest thanks, I hope you find it inspiring reading. We would be delighted if this issue could shed light on these fascinating topics, make a real contribution.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":"Virginie Bouteuil","dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>Virginie Bouteuil<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>Virginie Bouteuil<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>Virginie Bouteuil<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/footnotes","attrs":{"lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"","innerContent":[],"rendered":""}],"seo":{"title":"Editorial"},"media":{"img":"<img width=\"2560\" height=\"1700\" src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/2017-Nairobi-3-1-scaled.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/2017-Nairobi-3-1-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/2017-Nairobi-3-1-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/2017-Nairobi-3-1-1024x680.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/2017-Nairobi-3-1-768x510.jpg 768w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/2017-Nairobi-3-1-1920x1275.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/>","src":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/2017-Nairobi-3-1-scaled.jpg"},"url":"\/en\/articles\/editorial\/","related":{"post":[],"author":[{"title":"Virgine Boutueil","url":"\/en\/authors\/virgine-boutueil\/","id":"6457","media":"<img width=\"60\" height=\"60\" src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Virginie-Boutueil-60x60.png\" class=\"attachment-author-thumb size-author-thumb wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Virginie-Boutueil-60x60.png 60w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Virginie-Boutueil-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 60px) 100vw, 60px\" \/>","slug":"virgine-boutueil"}],"subject":[{"title":"Cities, Urban planning &#038; 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