{"id":8373,"date":"2025-06-19T13:44:15","date_gmt":"2025-06-19T11:44:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/?p=8373"},"modified":"2025-06-19T13:48:07","modified_gmt":"2025-06-19T11:48:07","slug":"why-is-feminization-not-synonymous-with-equality-the-gender-of-legal-professions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/en\/articles\/why-is-feminization-not-synonymous-with-equality-the-gender-of-legal-professions\/","title":{"rendered":"Why is feminization not synonymous with equality? The gender of legal professions"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"342\" src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Notaire_Notaire-rue-de-Crosne-a-Rouen_Frederic-BISSON_-Flickr_vign.jpg\" alt=\"Notaire, rue de Crosne \u00e0 Rouen\" class=\"wp-image-8383\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Notaire_Notaire-rue-de-Crosne-a-Rouen_Frederic-BISSON_-Flickr_vign.jpg 512w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Notaire_Notaire-rue-de-Crosne-a-Rouen_Frederic-BISSON_-Flickr_vign-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Notary in Rouen. Credit : Flickr \/ Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Bisson<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Legal professions are no longer exclusively male bastions. Some professions, such as judge, of whom <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gouv.fr\/sites\/default\/files\/2024-10\/RSJ2023_1_2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">70% were women in 2024<\/a>, are now perceived as \u201coverly-feminine\u201d. However, this overlooks the fact that until the opening of the judiciary in France to women in 1946, justice was in the exclusive hands of men. It also ignores the enduring forms of inequality in these professions, as women continue to remain a minority in the highest-ranking positions of the judiciary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sociology provides novel insights into these persistent forms of inequality. Enabling us to go beyond preconceived ideas and sexist stereotypes, it documents the feminization of professions, both revealing and offering explanations for these gender inequalities, which can take the form of variability in the ratio of women within a profession, i.e., what we refer to as horizontal segregation. As a result, some professions and sectors are primarily or almost exclusively masculine (around 20% women in the transport sector), while others (notably care, health, social welfare, nursing, midwifery, etc.) are predominantly or almost exclusively feminine. Around half of the female labor force is concentrated in some thirty professions (teaching, health, sales and secretarial) and the range of professions exercised by men remains almost ten times broader.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Inequality can also take the form of different positions (in terms of responsibility, recognition, wage levels, career advancement, etc.) on the labor market, or within a company or profession. These are known as vertical segregations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-760f74b5a6ed3a8ffde96290ab2f760f\">Women and a \u201csticky floor\u201d<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;In most professions, women come up against a \u201csticky floor\u201d or \u201cglass ceiling\u201d which is often difficult to overcome due to certain rules and measures. In the above-mentioned case of judges, the need for geographical mobility in order to get ahead favors men. From a more organizational perspective, such inequality can be seen as an inherent aspect of a \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1540-6210.2006.00652.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">gender regime<\/a>\u201d or an \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0038029609000284?via%3Dihub\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">inequality regime<\/a>\u201d, resulting from the mechanisms at work in the labor environment, which contribute to shaping gender inequality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are multiple mechanisms at play:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The recruitment process (e.g., for a profession such as notary, where the prevalence of co-optation is disadvantageous for women)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The definition of jobs and hierarchies, professional ethos or sector values, i.e., what is expected of the professional (<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/itti\/3034\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">e.g., for judges and notaries, the traditionally perceived masculine virtues of authority and impartiality<\/a>, and work organization (meeting times, working hours, etc.).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The rules governing promotion (above-mentioned geographical mobility, the importance of networks and sociability, etc.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Social norms (social representations of masculine and feminine roles).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Enduring gender inequality in terms of \u201creproductive work\u201d (family tasks), and work-life balance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>For example, <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/sdt\/40199\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the model of the notary working long hours, devoted to their practice, discriminates against women who are unable to meet these requirements, as they are more involved (or perceived as such) in domestic and maternal tasks than their partners and \/ or co-workers<\/a>. The career success of the latter nevertheless appears to be inversely proportional to the size of their progeny, in keeping with the \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/shs.cairn.info\/revue-travail-genre-et-societes-2000-1-page-109?lang=fr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">reverse staircase<\/a>\u201d, <a href=\"https:\/\/shs.cairn.info\/revue-travail-genre-et-societes-2019-1-page-127?lang=fr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">if measured against the apparent importance and career-galvanizing effect of marriage and progeny (three children on average) for the most visible male professionals<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-0b4ef3ac19c7161a304c3bc5ac5a7b4c\">\u201cGender glasses\u201d to understand inequality<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>This shows the extent to which any survey of a profession requires \u201cgender glasses\u201d to understand this enduring inequality, beyond the apparent parity which characterizes the majority of today\u2019s professions. The dynamic angle of the feminization of high-ranking professions may be prioritized. It provides insight into the conditions in which women can exercise a profession initially attributed to men, but also the persistence of often subtle mechanisms reproducing a sexual division of labor. For example, the feminization of the notary profession benefited significantly from the implementation in 1993 of the status of a salaried notary. This measure encouraged and generalized female careers. However, it also contributed to assigning women to this less-valued and lower-paid status, which is even sometimes perceived as a \u201ctrap\u201d compared to that of the independent notary <sup data-fn=\"3db215b9-5b91-4b5f-9f46-f0b788be8b3c\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#3db215b9-5b91-4b5f-9f46-f0b788be8b3c\" id=\"3db215b9-5b91-4b5f-9f46-f0b788be8b3c-link\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup>,<\/sup><sup data-fn=\"9a3b7f39-10ab-49b3-81bb-561c5e2d0c18\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#9a3b7f39-10ab-49b3-81bb-561c5e2d0c18\" id=\"9a3b7f39-10ab-49b3-81bb-561c5e2d0c18-link\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup>,<\/sup><sup data-fn=\"8d70ca9c-b308-40ae-a006-5a73472dbf7b\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#8d70ca9c-b308-40ae-a006-5a73472dbf7b\" id=\"8d70ca9c-b308-40ae-a006-5a73472dbf7b-link\">3<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While 57.5% of notaries are women at present, the latter more often hold salaried positions (79% of employed notaries) or have independent practices (58.2%), rather than partnerships in major firms: 46% of partner notaries and around 40% of employer notaries are women. These different positions and working conditions lead to discrepancies in business volumes, activity sectors and daily tasks. Consequently, an individual notary in a small office implies more generalist activities (family law, property, or rural law).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-236e3d8f10084190905822feb97d031c\">A decisional power which remains unequal<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Understanding gender inequality also implies questioning the mechanisms which include or exclude women from decision-making in the company or the profession. The weight and role of women in professional bodies can also prove limited or lagging in terms of the sociodemographic developments of the profession. For instance, the French Superior Council of Notaries, the representative and regulatory body of this profession, the board of which is now gender-balanced, was presided over by men up to 2022.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Inequality plays a role in work organization and methods. For example, 85% of notarial clerks and employees (administrative assistants, accountants, etc.) are women, who carry out a large proportion of the administrative and operational tasks, in addition to the \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.editionsladecouverte.fr\/le_prix_des_sentiments-9782707188960\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">emotional task<\/a>\u201d of attending to the client <sup data-fn=\"cbf32ea4-6965-40da-9718-5148beeef096\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#cbf32ea4-6965-40da-9718-5148beeef096\" id=\"cbf32ea4-6965-40da-9718-5148beeef096-link\">4<\/a><\/sup><sup>,<\/sup><sup data-fn=\"3c6177f8-114c-4412-b16c-44039b42f5ee\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#3c6177f8-114c-4412-b16c-44039b42f5ee\" id=\"3c6177f8-114c-4412-b16c-44039b42f5ee-link\">5<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;These women have benefited greatly from remote working, initiated during the COVID lockdown and maintained thereafter. Remote working facilitated dual employment in the tense post-pandemic market, in addition to the exiting from salaried positions by former notaries (men and women) who became freelance sub-contractors, carrying out administrative, secretarial, or operational tasks for notarial offices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-light-blue-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-64606cce7cfdf5e5d63a6216040adce9\"><strong>The specific case of remote working<\/strong>                                                                        The use of remote working, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic is gendered. Women are often motivated by the freelance or remote working solution due to the flexibility it offers in terms of family constraints, such as the frequent absence of the partner and the desire to be on hand for children. These women perform two-thirds of household tasks. They are nevertheless confronted with the challenge of defining roles within the household to limit the intrusion of domestic matters in the professional space, but also to reduce the integration of professional logics in the private sphere. These women find themselves arbitrating between contradictory logics, which are particularly complex for those holding an unstable place in the market, such as full-time freelancers without substantial initial resources or those lacking a \u201cpersonal\u201d space in the home to differentiate work and private time. The variabilities in production, in addition to domestic constraints (young children, responsibility of household tasks in the absence of a partner, etc.) have a strong impact on their relation to time, with working and non-working times which are not always clearly defined. In this respect, their situation illustrates the stereotypical attribution of roles, with women interrupted in their work more often. They are more frequently prone to a dual sense of guilt; not enough care given to their children, and rushing their professional tasks <sup data-fn=\"be45bb7c-eae8-471b-ac52-b070e4d4d3f0\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#be45bb7c-eae8-471b-ac52-b070e4d4d3f0\" id=\"be45bb7c-eae8-471b-ac52-b070e4d4d3f0-link\">6<\/a><\/sup><sup>,<\/sup><sup data-fn=\"f343a247-22dc-4f65-b85a-03b9670d3cb8\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#f343a247-22dc-4f65-b85a-03b9670d3cb8\" id=\"f343a247-22dc-4f65-b85a-03b9670d3cb8-link\">7<\/a><\/sup><sup>,<\/sup><sup data-fn=\"7e125c9d-8ba6-4801-9259-450561b7c1a0\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#7e125c9d-8ba6-4801-9259-450561b7c1a0\" id=\"7e125c9d-8ba6-4801-9259-450561b7c1a0-link\">8<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-28fbc2f21441a6cefbff03c37a215e4f\">Feminization and sociotechnological changes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>These issues raise the need to consider how sociodemographic changes in the legal professions (feminization) relate to other changes in these professions, and in particular to emerging sociotechnical changes (digital and AI). In particular, we need to target the contrasting appropriations of digital technologies by legal professionals (notaries and their employees, but also lawyers and in-house counsel), especially AI, and their varying effects on jobs, work and customer relations, in a context of tertiarization or post-industrial transition that has promoted female employment but also the erosion of salaried employment. These technological changes raise a number of questions, including their impacts in terms of reproducing or even increasing inequalities, but also in terms of working conditions, between professionals on the margins and those who are not, those with the resources to invest in innovation and the others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>For further information : <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-footnotes\"><li id=\"3db215b9-5b91-4b5f-9f46-f0b788be8b3c\"><a href=\"https:\/\/shs.cairn.info\/revue-travail-genre-et-societes-2019-1-page-127?lang=fr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Corinne Delmas, \u00abLes notaires, le genre d\u2019une profession \u00e0 patrimoine\u00bb, <em>Travail, Genre et Soci\u00e9t\u00e9s<\/em>, 2019\/1, n\u00b0 41, p. 127-145.<\/a> <a href=\"#3db215b9-5b91-4b5f-9f46-f0b788be8b3c-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 1\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"9a3b7f39-10ab-49b3-81bb-561c5e2d0c18\"><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/sdt\/40199\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Corinne Delmas,<em> Les notaires en France. Des officiers de l\u2019authentique entre h\u00e9ritage et modernit\u00e9<\/em>, Rennes, Presses Universitaires de Rennes (PUR), collection Soci\u00e9t\u00e9s, novembre 2019 , 288 p.<\/a> <a href=\"#9a3b7f39-10ab-49b3-81bb-561c5e2d0c18-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 2\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"8d70ca9c-b308-40ae-a006-5a73472dbf7b\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/09695958.2023.2190898\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Corinne Delmas, \u00ab\u00a0The feminisation of the notary profession in France: End of a patriarchal bastion or sedimentation of a gender stratification?\u00a0\u00bb<em>International Journal of the Legal Profession, <\/em>2023<\/a> <a href=\"#8d70ca9c-b308-40ae-a006-5a73472dbf7b-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 3\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"cbf32ea4-6965-40da-9718-5148beeef096\"><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/nrt\/7122\">Corinne Delmas, \u00abNotaires, salari\u00e9s<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/nrt\/7122\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/nrt\/7122\">et clients. La complexit\u00e9 d\u2019une relation de confiance\u00bb, <em>La Nouvelle Revue du travail<\/em>, 17\/2020.<\/a> <a href=\"#cbf32ea4-6965-40da-9718-5148beeef096-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 4\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"3c6177f8-114c-4412-b16c-44039b42f5ee\"><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-031-80046-7_3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Corinne Delmas, &#8220;Between Authentification and Pedagogy: Language, Central Part of Notarial Work&#8221;, in: St\u00e9phanie Cassilde, Adeline Gilson (eds.), <em>The Dialectic Between Language and Work: How language acts on Work? How Work Acts on Language?, <\/em>Springer, 2024.<\/a> <a href=\"#3c6177f8-114c-4412-b16c-44039b42f5ee-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 5\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"be45bb7c-eae8-471b-ac52-b070e4d4d3f0\"><a href=\"https:\/\/classiques-garnier.com\/socio-economie-du-travail-2022-1-aux-frontieres-du-travail-et-de-l-emploi-deplacements-et-recompositions-dans-les-pays-du-nord-n-11-varia-la-porosite-des-frontieres-du-travail-notarial-a-l-heure-du-distanciel.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Corinne Delmas, \u00ab\u00a0La porosit\u00e9 des fronti\u00e8res du travail notarial \u00e0 l\u2019heure du &#8220;distanciel&#8221;\u00a0\u00bb, <em>Socio-\u00e9conomie du travail, <\/em>num\u00e9ro th\u00e9matique \u00ab\u00a0Les fronti\u00e8res du travail et de l\u2019emploi \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9preuve des transformations contemporaines au Nord et au Sud\u00a0\u00bb, 2022\/1, 11, p. 129-159<\/a> <a href=\"#be45bb7c-eae8-471b-ac52-b070e4d4d3f0-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 6\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"f343a247-22dc-4f65-b85a-03b9670d3cb8\"><a href=\"https:\/\/shs.cairn.info\/revue-sociologies-pratiques-2021-2-page-41?lang=fr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Corinne Delmas. \u00ab\u00a0Le t\u00e9l\u00e9travail notarial\u00a0: un engagement contraint\u00a0?\u00a0\u00bb, <em>Sociologies pratiques<\/em>, n\u00b0 43, 2021\/2, p. 41-50.<\/a> <a href=\"#f343a247-22dc-4f65-b85a-03b9670d3cb8-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 7\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"7e125c9d-8ba6-4801-9259-450561b7c1a0\"><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/chroniquestravail\/646\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Corinne Delmas, \u00ab\u00a0Le t\u00e9l\u00e9travail notarial, une aspiration d\u00e9\u00e7ue\u00a0\u00bb, <em>Chroniques du travail<\/em>, n\u00b0 11, 2021, p. 177-191.<\/a> <a href=\"#7e125c9d-8ba6-4801-9259-450561b7c1a0-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 8\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Legal professions are no longer exclusively male bastions. Some professions, such as judge, of whom 70% were women in 2024, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":8383,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_related_content_post":[],"_related_content_subject":[124],"_related_content_author":[8468],"_related_content_category":[1720,1716],"_related_content_folder":[8422],"_excerpt":"<strong>The feminization of professions does not always go hand in hand with equality.<\/strong> Behind the apparent parity of statistics, deep and persistent forms of gender inequality endure. Using the example of legal professions, this article demonstrates how sociology provides insight into the mechanisms hindering women's access to the most esteemed positions.","_duration":6,"_manual_duration":false,"footnotes":"[{\"content\":\"<a href=\\\"https:\/\/shs.cairn.info\/revue-travail-genre-et-societes-2019-1-page-127?lang=fr\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noreferrer noopener\\\">Corinne Delmas, \u00abLes notaires, le genre d\u2019une profession \u00e0 patrimoine\u00bb, <em>Travail, Genre et Soci\u00e9t\u00e9s<\/em>, 2019\/1, n\u00b0 41, p. 127-145.<\/a>\",\"id\":\"3db215b9-5b91-4b5f-9f46-f0b788be8b3c\"},{\"content\":\"<a href=\\\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/sdt\/40199\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noreferrer noopener\\\">Corinne Delmas,<em> Les notaires en France. Des officiers de l\u2019authentique entre h\u00e9ritage et modernit\u00e9<\/em>, Rennes, Presses Universitaires de Rennes (PUR), collection Soci\u00e9t\u00e9s, novembre 2019 , 288 p.<\/a>\",\"id\":\"9a3b7f39-10ab-49b3-81bb-561c5e2d0c18\"},{\"content\":\"<a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/09695958.2023.2190898\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noreferrer noopener\\\">Corinne Delmas, \u00ab\u00a0The feminisation of the notary profession in France: End of a patriarchal bastion or sedimentation of a gender stratification?\u00a0\u00bb<em>International Journal of the Legal Profession, <\/em>2023<\/a>\",\"id\":\"8d70ca9c-b308-40ae-a006-5a73472dbf7b\"},{\"content\":\"<a href=\\\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/nrt\/7122\\\">Corinne Delmas, \u00abNotaires, salari\u00e9s<\/a><a href=\\\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/nrt\/7122\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noreferrer noopener\\\"> <\/a><a href=\\\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/nrt\/7122\\\">et clients. La complexit\u00e9 d\u2019une relation de confiance\u00bb, <em>La Nouvelle Revue du travail<\/em>, 17\/2020.<\/a>\",\"id\":\"cbf32ea4-6965-40da-9718-5148beeef096\"},{\"content\":\"<a href=\\\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-031-80046-7_3\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noreferrer noopener\\\">Corinne Delmas, \\\"Between Authentification and Pedagogy: Language, Central Part of Notarial Work\\\", in: St\u00e9phanie Cassilde, Adeline Gilson (eds.), <em>The Dialectic Between Language and Work: How language acts on Work? How Work Acts on Language?, <\/em>Springer, 2024.<\/a>\",\"id\":\"3c6177f8-114c-4412-b16c-44039b42f5ee\"},{\"content\":\"<a href=\\\"https:\/\/classiques-garnier.com\/socio-economie-du-travail-2022-1-aux-frontieres-du-travail-et-de-l-emploi-deplacements-et-recompositions-dans-les-pays-du-nord-n-11-varia-la-porosite-des-frontieres-du-travail-notarial-a-l-heure-du-distanciel.html\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noreferrer noopener\\\">Corinne Delmas, \u00ab\u00a0La porosit\u00e9 des fronti\u00e8res du travail notarial \u00e0 l\u2019heure du \\\"distanciel\\\"\u00a0\u00bb, <em>Socio-\u00e9conomie du travail, <\/em>num\u00e9ro th\u00e9matique \u00ab\u00a0Les fronti\u00e8res du travail et de l\u2019emploi \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9preuve des transformations contemporaines au Nord et au Sud\u00a0\u00bb, 2022\/1, 11, p. 129-159<\/a>\",\"id\":\"be45bb7c-eae8-471b-ac52-b070e4d4d3f0\"},{\"content\":\"<a href=\\\"https:\/\/shs.cairn.info\/revue-sociologies-pratiques-2021-2-page-41?lang=fr\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noreferrer noopener\\\">Corinne Delmas. \u00ab\u00a0Le t\u00e9l\u00e9travail notarial\u00a0: un engagement contraint\u00a0?\u00a0\u00bb, <em>Sociologies pratiques<\/em>, n\u00b0 43, 2021\/2, p. 41-50.<\/a>\",\"id\":\"f343a247-22dc-4f65-b85a-03b9670d3cb8\"},{\"content\":\"<a href=\\\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/chroniquestravail\/646\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noreferrer noopener\\\">Corinne Delmas, \u00ab\u00a0Le t\u00e9l\u00e9travail notarial, une aspiration d\u00e9\u00e7ue\u00a0\u00bb, <em>Chroniques du travail<\/em>, n\u00b0 11, 2021, p. 177-191.<\/a>\",\"id\":\"7e125c9d-8ba6-4801-9259-450561b7c1a0\"}]"},"article-types":[13,27],"class_list":["post-8373","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","article-types-article","article-types-folder"],"has_blocks":true,"block_data":[{"blockName":"enpc\/excerpt","attrs":{"lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"","innerContent":[],"rendered":""},{"blockName":"core\/image","attrs":{"id":8383,"sizeSlug":"full","linkDestination":"none","align":"wide","blob":"","url":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Notaire_Notaire-rue-de-Crosne-a-Rouen_Frederic-BISSON_-Flickr_vign.jpg","alt":"Notaire, rue de Crosne \u00e0 Rouen","caption":null,"lightbox":[],"title":"","href":"","rel":"","linkClass":"","width":"","height":"","aspectRatio":"","scale":"","linkTarget":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"wp-block-image alignwide size-full","style":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-full\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Notaire_Notaire-rue-de-Crosne-a-Rouen_Frederic-BISSON_-Flickr_vign.jpg\" alt=\"Notaire, rue de Crosne \u00e0 Rouen\" class=\"wp-image-8383\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Notary in Rouen. Credit : Flickr \/ Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Bisson<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","innerContent":["\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-full\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Notaire_Notaire-rue-de-Crosne-a-Rouen_Frederic-BISSON_-Flickr_vign.jpg\" alt=\"Notaire, rue de Crosne \u00e0 Rouen\" class=\"wp-image-8383\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Notary in Rouen. Credit : Flickr \/ Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Bisson<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"],"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-full\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Notaire_Notaire-rue-de-Crosne-a-Rouen_Frederic-BISSON_-Flickr_vign.jpg\" alt=\"Notaire, rue de Crosne \u00e0 Rouen\" class=\"wp-image-8383\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Notary in Rouen. Credit : Flickr \/ Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Bisson<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":null,"dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>Legal professions are no longer exclusively male bastions. Some professions, such as judge, of whom <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gouv.fr\/sites\/default\/files\/2024-10\/RSJ2023_1_2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">70% were women in 2024<\/a>, are now perceived as \u201coverly-feminine\u201d. However, this overlooks the fact that until the opening of the judiciary in France to women in 1946, justice was in the exclusive hands of men. It also ignores the enduring forms of inequality in these professions, as women continue to remain a minority in the highest-ranking positions of the judiciary.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>Legal professions are no longer exclusively male bastions. Some professions, such as judge, of whom <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gouv.fr\/sites\/default\/files\/2024-10\/RSJ2023_1_2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">70% were women in 2024<\/a>, are now perceived as \u201coverly-feminine\u201d. However, this overlooks the fact that until the opening of the judiciary in France to women in 1946, justice was in the exclusive hands of men. It also ignores the enduring forms of inequality in these professions, as women continue to remain a minority in the highest-ranking positions of the judiciary.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>Legal professions are no longer exclusively male bastions. Some professions, such as judge, of whom <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gouv.fr\/sites\/default\/files\/2024-10\/RSJ2023_1_2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">70% were women in 2024<\/a>, are now perceived as \u201coverly-feminine\u201d. However, this overlooks the fact that until the opening of the judiciary in France to women in 1946, justice was in the exclusive hands of men. It also ignores the enduring forms of inequality in these professions, as women continue to remain a minority in the highest-ranking positions of the judiciary.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":null,"dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>Sociology provides novel insights into these persistent forms of inequality. Enabling us to go beyond preconceived ideas and sexist stereotypes, it documents the feminization of professions, both revealing and offering explanations for these gender inequalities, which can take the form of variability in the ratio of women within a profession, i.e., what we refer to as horizontal segregation. As a result, some professions and sectors are primarily or almost exclusively masculine (around 20% women in the transport sector), while others (notably care, health, social welfare, nursing, midwifery, etc.) are predominantly or almost exclusively feminine. Around half of the female labor force is concentrated in some thirty professions (teaching, health, sales and secretarial) and the range of professions exercised by men remains almost ten times broader.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>Sociology provides novel insights into these persistent forms of inequality. Enabling us to go beyond preconceived ideas and sexist stereotypes, it documents the feminization of professions, both revealing and offering explanations for these gender inequalities, which can take the form of variability in the ratio of women within a profession, i.e., what we refer to as horizontal segregation. As a result, some professions and sectors are primarily or almost exclusively masculine (around 20% women in the transport sector), while others (notably care, health, social welfare, nursing, midwifery, etc.) are predominantly or almost exclusively feminine. Around half of the female labor force is concentrated in some thirty professions (teaching, health, sales and secretarial) and the range of professions exercised by men remains almost ten times broader.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>Sociology provides novel insights into these persistent forms of inequality. Enabling us to go beyond preconceived ideas and sexist stereotypes, it documents the feminization of professions, both revealing and offering explanations for these gender inequalities, which can take the form of variability in the ratio of women within a profession, i.e., what we refer to as horizontal segregation. As a result, some professions and sectors are primarily or almost exclusively masculine (around 20% women in the transport sector), while others (notably care, health, social welfare, nursing, midwifery, etc.) are predominantly or almost exclusively feminine. Around half of the female labor force is concentrated in some thirty professions (teaching, health, sales and secretarial) and the range of professions exercised by men remains almost ten times broader.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":null,"dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>Inequality can also take the form of different positions (in terms of responsibility, recognition, wage levels, career advancement, etc.) on the labor market, or within a company or profession. These are known as vertical segregations.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>Inequality can also take the form of different positions (in terms of responsibility, recognition, wage levels, career advancement, etc.) on the labor market, or within a company or profession. These are known as vertical segregations.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>Inequality can also take the form of different positions (in terms of responsibility, recognition, wage levels, career advancement, etc.) on the labor market, or within a company or profession. These are known as vertical segregations.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/heading","attrs":{"style":{"elements":{"link":{"color":{"text":"var:preset|color|red"}}}},"textColor":"red","textAlign":"","content":null,"level":2,"levelOptions":[],"placeholder":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"align":"","className":"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color has-link-color","backgroundColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color has-link-color\">Women and a \u201csticky floor\u201d<\/h2>\n","innerContent":["\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color has-link-color\">Women and a \u201csticky floor\u201d<\/h2>\n"],"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color has-link-color\">Women and a \u201csticky floor\u201d<\/h2>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":null,"dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>&nbsp;In most professions, women come up against a \u201csticky floor\u201d or \u201cglass ceiling\u201d which is often difficult to overcome due to certain rules and measures. In the above-mentioned case of judges, the need for geographical mobility in order to get ahead favors men. From a more organizational perspective, such inequality can be seen as an inherent aspect of a \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1540-6210.2006.00652.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">gender regime<\/a>\u201d or an \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0038029609000284?via%3Dihub\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">inequality regime<\/a>\u201d, resulting from the mechanisms at work in the labor environment, which contribute to shaping gender inequality.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>&nbsp;In most professions, women come up against a \u201csticky floor\u201d or \u201cglass ceiling\u201d which is often difficult to overcome due to certain rules and measures. In the above-mentioned case of judges, the need for geographical mobility in order to get ahead favors men. From a more organizational perspective, such inequality can be seen as an inherent aspect of a \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1540-6210.2006.00652.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">gender regime<\/a>\u201d or an \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0038029609000284?via%3Dihub\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">inequality regime<\/a>\u201d, resulting from the mechanisms at work in the labor environment, which contribute to shaping gender inequality.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>&nbsp;In most professions, women come up against a \u201csticky floor\u201d or \u201cglass ceiling\u201d which is often difficult to overcome due to certain rules and measures. In the above-mentioned case of judges, the need for geographical mobility in order to get ahead favors men. From a more organizational perspective, such inequality can be seen as an inherent aspect of a \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1540-6210.2006.00652.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">gender regime<\/a>\u201d or an \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0038029609000284?via%3Dihub\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">inequality regime<\/a>\u201d, resulting from the mechanisms at work in the labor environment, which contribute to shaping gender inequality.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":null,"dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>There are multiple mechanisms at play:<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>There are multiple mechanisms at play:<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>There are multiple mechanisms at play:<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/list","attrs":{"ordered":false,"values":"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n","type":"","start":0,"reversed":false,"placeholder":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"wp-block-list","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[{"blockName":"core\/list-item","attrs":{"placeholder":"","content":null,"lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<li>The recruitment process (e.g., for a profession such as notary, where the prevalence of co-optation is disadvantageous for women)<\/li>\n","innerContent":["\n<li>The recruitment process (e.g., for a profession such as notary, where the prevalence of co-optation is disadvantageous for women)<\/li>\n"],"rendered":"\n<li>The recruitment process (e.g., for a profession such as notary, where the prevalence of co-optation is disadvantageous for women)<\/li>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/list-item","attrs":{"placeholder":"","content":null,"lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<li>The definition of jobs and hierarchies, professional ethos or sector values, i.e., what is expected of the professional (<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/itti\/3034\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">e.g., for judges and notaries, the traditionally perceived masculine virtues of authority and impartiality<\/a>, and work organization (meeting times, working hours, etc.).<\/li>\n","innerContent":["\n<li>The definition of jobs and hierarchies, professional ethos or sector values, i.e., what is expected of the professional (<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/itti\/3034\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">e.g., for judges and notaries, the traditionally perceived masculine virtues of authority and impartiality<\/a>, and work organization (meeting times, working hours, etc.).<\/li>\n"],"rendered":"\n<li>The definition of jobs and hierarchies, professional ethos or sector values, i.e., what is expected of the professional (<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/itti\/3034\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">e.g., for judges and notaries, the traditionally perceived masculine virtues of authority and impartiality<\/a>, and work organization (meeting times, working hours, etc.).<\/li>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/list-item","attrs":{"placeholder":"","content":null,"lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<li>The rules governing promotion (above-mentioned geographical mobility, the importance of networks and sociability, etc.)<\/li>\n","innerContent":["\n<li>The rules governing promotion (above-mentioned geographical mobility, the importance of networks and sociability, etc.)<\/li>\n"],"rendered":"\n<li>The rules governing promotion (above-mentioned geographical mobility, the importance of networks and sociability, etc.)<\/li>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/list-item","attrs":{"placeholder":"","content":null,"lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<li>Social norms (social representations of masculine and feminine roles).<\/li>\n","innerContent":["\n<li>Social norms (social representations of masculine and feminine roles).<\/li>\n"],"rendered":"\n<li>Social norms (social representations of masculine and feminine roles).<\/li>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/list-item","attrs":{"placeholder":"","content":null,"lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<li>Enduring gender inequality in terms of \u201creproductive work\u201d (family tasks), and work-life balance.<\/li>\n","innerContent":["\n<li>Enduring gender inequality in terms of \u201creproductive work\u201d (family tasks), and work-life balance.<\/li>\n"],"rendered":"\n<li>Enduring gender inequality in terms of \u201creproductive work\u201d (family tasks), and work-life balance.<\/li>\n"}],"innerHTML":"\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/ul>\n","innerContent":["\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">",null,"\n\n",null,"\n\n",null,"\n\n",null,"\n\n",null,"<\/ul>\n"],"rendered":"\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The recruitment process (e.g., for a profession such as notary, where the prevalence of co-optation is disadvantageous for women)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The definition of jobs and hierarchies, professional ethos or sector values, i.e., what is expected of the professional (<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/itti\/3034\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">e.g., for judges and notaries, the traditionally perceived masculine virtues of authority and impartiality<\/a>, and work organization (meeting times, working hours, etc.).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The rules governing promotion (above-mentioned geographical mobility, the importance of networks and sociability, etc.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Social norms (social representations of masculine and feminine roles).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Enduring gender inequality in terms of \u201creproductive work\u201d (family tasks), and work-life balance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":null,"dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>For example, <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/sdt\/40199\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the model of the notary working long hours, devoted to their practice, discriminates against women who are unable to meet these requirements, as they are more involved (or perceived as such) in domestic and maternal tasks than their partners and \/ or co-workers<\/a>. The career success of the latter nevertheless appears to be inversely proportional to the size of their progeny, in keeping with the \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/shs.cairn.info\/revue-travail-genre-et-societes-2000-1-page-109?lang=fr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">reverse staircase<\/a>\u201d, <a href=\"https:\/\/shs.cairn.info\/revue-travail-genre-et-societes-2019-1-page-127?lang=fr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">if measured against the apparent importance and career-galvanizing effect of marriage and progeny (three children on average) for the most visible male professionals<\/a>.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>For example, <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/sdt\/40199\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the model of the notary working long hours, devoted to their practice, discriminates against women who are unable to meet these requirements, as they are more involved (or perceived as such) in domestic and maternal tasks than their partners and \/ or co-workers<\/a>. The career success of the latter nevertheless appears to be inversely proportional to the size of their progeny, in keeping with the \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/shs.cairn.info\/revue-travail-genre-et-societes-2000-1-page-109?lang=fr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">reverse staircase<\/a>\u201d, <a href=\"https:\/\/shs.cairn.info\/revue-travail-genre-et-societes-2019-1-page-127?lang=fr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">if measured against the apparent importance and career-galvanizing effect of marriage and progeny (three children on average) for the most visible male professionals<\/a>.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>For example, <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/sdt\/40199\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the model of the notary working long hours, devoted to their practice, discriminates against women who are unable to meet these requirements, as they are more involved (or perceived as such) in domestic and maternal tasks than their partners and \/ or co-workers<\/a>. The career success of the latter nevertheless appears to be inversely proportional to the size of their progeny, in keeping with the \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/shs.cairn.info\/revue-travail-genre-et-societes-2000-1-page-109?lang=fr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">reverse staircase<\/a>\u201d, <a href=\"https:\/\/shs.cairn.info\/revue-travail-genre-et-societes-2019-1-page-127?lang=fr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">if measured against the apparent importance and career-galvanizing effect of marriage and progeny (three children on average) for the most visible male professionals<\/a>.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/heading","attrs":{"style":{"elements":{"link":{"color":{"text":"var:preset|color|red"}}}},"textColor":"red","textAlign":"","content":null,"level":2,"levelOptions":[],"placeholder":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"align":"","className":"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color has-link-color","backgroundColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color has-link-color\">\u201cGender glasses\u201d to understand inequality<\/h2>\n","innerContent":["\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color has-link-color\">\u201cGender glasses\u201d to understand inequality<\/h2>\n"],"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color has-link-color\">\u201cGender glasses\u201d to understand inequality<\/h2>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":null,"dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>This shows the extent to which any survey of a profession requires \u201cgender glasses\u201d to understand this enduring inequality, beyond the apparent parity which characterizes the majority of today\u2019s professions. The dynamic angle of the feminization of high-ranking professions may be prioritized. It provides insight into the conditions in which women can exercise a profession initially attributed to men, but also the persistence of often subtle mechanisms reproducing a sexual division of labor. For example, the feminization of the notary profession benefited significantly from the implementation in 1993 of the status of a salaried notary. This measure encouraged and generalized female careers. However, it also contributed to assigning women to this less-valued and lower-paid status, which is even sometimes perceived as a \u201ctrap\u201d compared to that of the independent notary <sup data-fn=\"3db215b9-5b91-4b5f-9f46-f0b788be8b3c\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#3db215b9-5b91-4b5f-9f46-f0b788be8b3c\" id=\"3db215b9-5b91-4b5f-9f46-f0b788be8b3c-link\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup>,<\/sup><sup data-fn=\"9a3b7f39-10ab-49b3-81bb-561c5e2d0c18\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#9a3b7f39-10ab-49b3-81bb-561c5e2d0c18\" id=\"9a3b7f39-10ab-49b3-81bb-561c5e2d0c18-link\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup>,<\/sup><sup data-fn=\"8d70ca9c-b308-40ae-a006-5a73472dbf7b\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#8d70ca9c-b308-40ae-a006-5a73472dbf7b\" id=\"8d70ca9c-b308-40ae-a006-5a73472dbf7b-link\">3<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>This shows the extent to which any survey of a profession requires \u201cgender glasses\u201d to understand this enduring inequality, beyond the apparent parity which characterizes the majority of today\u2019s professions. The dynamic angle of the feminization of high-ranking professions may be prioritized. It provides insight into the conditions in which women can exercise a profession initially attributed to men, but also the persistence of often subtle mechanisms reproducing a sexual division of labor. For example, the feminization of the notary profession benefited significantly from the implementation in 1993 of the status of a salaried notary. This measure encouraged and generalized female careers. However, it also contributed to assigning women to this less-valued and lower-paid status, which is even sometimes perceived as a \u201ctrap\u201d compared to that of the independent notary <sup data-fn=\"3db215b9-5b91-4b5f-9f46-f0b788be8b3c\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#3db215b9-5b91-4b5f-9f46-f0b788be8b3c\" id=\"3db215b9-5b91-4b5f-9f46-f0b788be8b3c-link\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup>,<\/sup><sup data-fn=\"9a3b7f39-10ab-49b3-81bb-561c5e2d0c18\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#9a3b7f39-10ab-49b3-81bb-561c5e2d0c18\" id=\"9a3b7f39-10ab-49b3-81bb-561c5e2d0c18-link\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup>,<\/sup><sup data-fn=\"8d70ca9c-b308-40ae-a006-5a73472dbf7b\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#8d70ca9c-b308-40ae-a006-5a73472dbf7b\" id=\"8d70ca9c-b308-40ae-a006-5a73472dbf7b-link\">3<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>This shows the extent to which any survey of a profession requires \u201cgender glasses\u201d to understand this enduring inequality, beyond the apparent parity which characterizes the majority of today\u2019s professions. The dynamic angle of the feminization of high-ranking professions may be prioritized. It provides insight into the conditions in which women can exercise a profession initially attributed to men, but also the persistence of often subtle mechanisms reproducing a sexual division of labor. For example, the feminization of the notary profession benefited significantly from the implementation in 1993 of the status of a salaried notary. This measure encouraged and generalized female careers. However, it also contributed to assigning women to this less-valued and lower-paid status, which is even sometimes perceived as a \u201ctrap\u201d compared to that of the independent notary <sup data-fn=\"3db215b9-5b91-4b5f-9f46-f0b788be8b3c\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#3db215b9-5b91-4b5f-9f46-f0b788be8b3c\" id=\"3db215b9-5b91-4b5f-9f46-f0b788be8b3c-link\">1<\/a><\/sup><sup>,<\/sup><sup data-fn=\"9a3b7f39-10ab-49b3-81bb-561c5e2d0c18\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#9a3b7f39-10ab-49b3-81bb-561c5e2d0c18\" id=\"9a3b7f39-10ab-49b3-81bb-561c5e2d0c18-link\">2<\/a><\/sup><sup>,<\/sup><sup data-fn=\"8d70ca9c-b308-40ae-a006-5a73472dbf7b\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#8d70ca9c-b308-40ae-a006-5a73472dbf7b\" id=\"8d70ca9c-b308-40ae-a006-5a73472dbf7b-link\">3<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":null,"dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>While 57.5% of notaries are women at present, the latter more often hold salaried positions (79% of employed notaries) or have independent practices (58.2%), rather than partnerships in major firms: 46% of partner notaries and around 40% of employer notaries are women. These different positions and working conditions lead to discrepancies in business volumes, activity sectors and daily tasks. Consequently, an individual notary in a small office implies more generalist activities (family law, property, or rural law).<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>While 57.5% of notaries are women at present, the latter more often hold salaried positions (79% of employed notaries) or have independent practices (58.2%), rather than partnerships in major firms: 46% of partner notaries and around 40% of employer notaries are women. These different positions and working conditions lead to discrepancies in business volumes, activity sectors and daily tasks. Consequently, an individual notary in a small office implies more generalist activities (family law, property, or rural law).<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>While 57.5% of notaries are women at present, the latter more often hold salaried positions (79% of employed notaries) or have independent practices (58.2%), rather than partnerships in major firms: 46% of partner notaries and around 40% of employer notaries are women. These different positions and working conditions lead to discrepancies in business volumes, activity sectors and daily tasks. Consequently, an individual notary in a small office implies more generalist activities (family law, property, or rural law).<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/heading","attrs":{"style":{"elements":{"link":{"color":{"text":"var:preset|color|red"}}}},"textColor":"red","textAlign":"","content":null,"level":2,"levelOptions":[],"placeholder":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"align":"","className":"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color has-link-color","backgroundColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color has-link-color\">A decisional power which remains unequal<\/h2>\n","innerContent":["\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color has-link-color\">A decisional power which remains unequal<\/h2>\n"],"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color has-link-color\">A decisional power which remains unequal<\/h2>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":null,"dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>Understanding gender inequality also implies questioning the mechanisms which include or exclude women from decision-making in the company or the profession. The weight and role of women in professional bodies can also prove limited or lagging in terms of the sociodemographic developments of the profession. For instance, the French Superior Council of Notaries, the representative and regulatory body of this profession, the board of which is now gender-balanced, was presided over by men up to 2022.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>Understanding gender inequality also implies questioning the mechanisms which include or exclude women from decision-making in the company or the profession. The weight and role of women in professional bodies can also prove limited or lagging in terms of the sociodemographic developments of the profession. For instance, the French Superior Council of Notaries, the representative and regulatory body of this profession, the board of which is now gender-balanced, was presided over by men up to 2022.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>Understanding gender inequality also implies questioning the mechanisms which include or exclude women from decision-making in the company or the profession. The weight and role of women in professional bodies can also prove limited or lagging in terms of the sociodemographic developments of the profession. For instance, the French Superior Council of Notaries, the representative and regulatory body of this profession, the board of which is now gender-balanced, was presided over by men up to 2022.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":null,"dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>Inequality plays a role in work organization and methods. For example, 85% of notarial clerks and employees (administrative assistants, accountants, etc.) are women, who carry out a large proportion of the administrative and operational tasks, in addition to the \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.editionsladecouverte.fr\/le_prix_des_sentiments-9782707188960\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">emotional task<\/a>\u201d of attending to the client <sup data-fn=\"cbf32ea4-6965-40da-9718-5148beeef096\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#cbf32ea4-6965-40da-9718-5148beeef096\" id=\"cbf32ea4-6965-40da-9718-5148beeef096-link\">4<\/a><\/sup><sup>,<\/sup><sup data-fn=\"3c6177f8-114c-4412-b16c-44039b42f5ee\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#3c6177f8-114c-4412-b16c-44039b42f5ee\" id=\"3c6177f8-114c-4412-b16c-44039b42f5ee-link\">5<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>Inequality plays a role in work organization and methods. For example, 85% of notarial clerks and employees (administrative assistants, accountants, etc.) are women, who carry out a large proportion of the administrative and operational tasks, in addition to the \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.editionsladecouverte.fr\/le_prix_des_sentiments-9782707188960\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">emotional task<\/a>\u201d of attending to the client <sup data-fn=\"cbf32ea4-6965-40da-9718-5148beeef096\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#cbf32ea4-6965-40da-9718-5148beeef096\" id=\"cbf32ea4-6965-40da-9718-5148beeef096-link\">4<\/a><\/sup><sup>,<\/sup><sup data-fn=\"3c6177f8-114c-4412-b16c-44039b42f5ee\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#3c6177f8-114c-4412-b16c-44039b42f5ee\" id=\"3c6177f8-114c-4412-b16c-44039b42f5ee-link\">5<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>Inequality plays a role in work organization and methods. For example, 85% of notarial clerks and employees (administrative assistants, accountants, etc.) are women, who carry out a large proportion of the administrative and operational tasks, in addition to the \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.editionsladecouverte.fr\/le_prix_des_sentiments-9782707188960\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">emotional task<\/a>\u201d of attending to the client <sup data-fn=\"cbf32ea4-6965-40da-9718-5148beeef096\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#cbf32ea4-6965-40da-9718-5148beeef096\" id=\"cbf32ea4-6965-40da-9718-5148beeef096-link\">4<\/a><\/sup><sup>,<\/sup><sup data-fn=\"3c6177f8-114c-4412-b16c-44039b42f5ee\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#3c6177f8-114c-4412-b16c-44039b42f5ee\" id=\"3c6177f8-114c-4412-b16c-44039b42f5ee-link\">5<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":null,"dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>&nbsp;These women have benefited greatly from remote working, initiated during the COVID lockdown and maintained thereafter. Remote working facilitated dual employment in the tense post-pandemic market, in addition to the exiting from salaried positions by former notaries (men and women) who became freelance sub-contractors, carrying out administrative, secretarial, or operational tasks for notarial offices.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>&nbsp;These women have benefited greatly from remote working, initiated during the COVID lockdown and maintained thereafter. Remote working facilitated dual employment in the tense post-pandemic market, in addition to the exiting from salaried positions by former notaries (men and women) who became freelance sub-contractors, carrying out administrative, secretarial, or operational tasks for notarial offices.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>&nbsp;These women have benefited greatly from remote working, initiated during the COVID lockdown and maintained thereafter. Remote working facilitated dual employment in the tense post-pandemic market, in addition to the exiting from salaried positions by former notaries (men and women) who became freelance sub-contractors, carrying out administrative, secretarial, or operational tasks for notarial offices.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"style":{"elements":{"link":{"color":{"text":"var:preset|color|white"}}}},"backgroundColor":"light-blue","textColor":"white","align":"","content":null,"dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"has-white-color has-light-blue-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-light-blue-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><strong>The specific case of remote working<\/strong>                                                                        The use of remote working, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic is gendered. Women are often motivated by the freelance or remote working solution due to the flexibility it offers in terms of family constraints, such as the frequent absence of the partner and the desire to be on hand for children. These women perform two-thirds of household tasks. They are nevertheless confronted with the challenge of defining roles within the household to limit the intrusion of domestic matters in the professional space, but also to reduce the integration of professional logics in the private sphere. These women find themselves arbitrating between contradictory logics, which are particularly complex for those holding an unstable place in the market, such as full-time freelancers without substantial initial resources or those lacking a \u201cpersonal\u201d space in the home to differentiate work and private time. The variabilities in production, in addition to domestic constraints (young children, responsibility of household tasks in the absence of a partner, etc.) have a strong impact on their relation to time, with working and non-working times which are not always clearly defined. In this respect, their situation illustrates the stereotypical attribution of roles, with women interrupted in their work more often. They are more frequently prone to a dual sense of guilt; not enough care given to their children, and rushing their professional tasks <sup data-fn=\"be45bb7c-eae8-471b-ac52-b070e4d4d3f0\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#be45bb7c-eae8-471b-ac52-b070e4d4d3f0\" id=\"be45bb7c-eae8-471b-ac52-b070e4d4d3f0-link\">6<\/a><\/sup><sup>,<\/sup><sup data-fn=\"f343a247-22dc-4f65-b85a-03b9670d3cb8\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#f343a247-22dc-4f65-b85a-03b9670d3cb8\" id=\"f343a247-22dc-4f65-b85a-03b9670d3cb8-link\">7<\/a><\/sup><sup>,<\/sup><sup data-fn=\"7e125c9d-8ba6-4801-9259-450561b7c1a0\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#7e125c9d-8ba6-4801-9259-450561b7c1a0\" id=\"7e125c9d-8ba6-4801-9259-450561b7c1a0-link\">8<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-light-blue-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><strong>The specific case of remote working<\/strong>                                                                        The use of remote working, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic is gendered. Women are often motivated by the freelance or remote working solution due to the flexibility it offers in terms of family constraints, such as the frequent absence of the partner and the desire to be on hand for children. These women perform two-thirds of household tasks. They are nevertheless confronted with the challenge of defining roles within the household to limit the intrusion of domestic matters in the professional space, but also to reduce the integration of professional logics in the private sphere. These women find themselves arbitrating between contradictory logics, which are particularly complex for those holding an unstable place in the market, such as full-time freelancers without substantial initial resources or those lacking a \u201cpersonal\u201d space in the home to differentiate work and private time. The variabilities in production, in addition to domestic constraints (young children, responsibility of household tasks in the absence of a partner, etc.) have a strong impact on their relation to time, with working and non-working times which are not always clearly defined. In this respect, their situation illustrates the stereotypical attribution of roles, with women interrupted in their work more often. They are more frequently prone to a dual sense of guilt; not enough care given to their children, and rushing their professional tasks <sup data-fn=\"be45bb7c-eae8-471b-ac52-b070e4d4d3f0\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#be45bb7c-eae8-471b-ac52-b070e4d4d3f0\" id=\"be45bb7c-eae8-471b-ac52-b070e4d4d3f0-link\">6<\/a><\/sup><sup>,<\/sup><sup data-fn=\"f343a247-22dc-4f65-b85a-03b9670d3cb8\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#f343a247-22dc-4f65-b85a-03b9670d3cb8\" id=\"f343a247-22dc-4f65-b85a-03b9670d3cb8-link\">7<\/a><\/sup><sup>,<\/sup><sup data-fn=\"7e125c9d-8ba6-4801-9259-450561b7c1a0\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#7e125c9d-8ba6-4801-9259-450561b7c1a0\" id=\"7e125c9d-8ba6-4801-9259-450561b7c1a0-link\">8<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-light-blue-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><strong>The specific case of remote working<\/strong>                                                                        The use of remote working, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic is gendered. Women are often motivated by the freelance or remote working solution due to the flexibility it offers in terms of family constraints, such as the frequent absence of the partner and the desire to be on hand for children. These women perform two-thirds of household tasks. They are nevertheless confronted with the challenge of defining roles within the household to limit the intrusion of domestic matters in the professional space, but also to reduce the integration of professional logics in the private sphere. These women find themselves arbitrating between contradictory logics, which are particularly complex for those holding an unstable place in the market, such as full-time freelancers without substantial initial resources or those lacking a \u201cpersonal\u201d space in the home to differentiate work and private time. The variabilities in production, in addition to domestic constraints (young children, responsibility of household tasks in the absence of a partner, etc.) have a strong impact on their relation to time, with working and non-working times which are not always clearly defined. In this respect, their situation illustrates the stereotypical attribution of roles, with women interrupted in their work more often. They are more frequently prone to a dual sense of guilt; not enough care given to their children, and rushing their professional tasks <sup data-fn=\"be45bb7c-eae8-471b-ac52-b070e4d4d3f0\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#be45bb7c-eae8-471b-ac52-b070e4d4d3f0\" id=\"be45bb7c-eae8-471b-ac52-b070e4d4d3f0-link\">6<\/a><\/sup><sup>,<\/sup><sup data-fn=\"f343a247-22dc-4f65-b85a-03b9670d3cb8\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#f343a247-22dc-4f65-b85a-03b9670d3cb8\" id=\"f343a247-22dc-4f65-b85a-03b9670d3cb8-link\">7<\/a><\/sup><sup>,<\/sup><sup data-fn=\"7e125c9d-8ba6-4801-9259-450561b7c1a0\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#7e125c9d-8ba6-4801-9259-450561b7c1a0\" id=\"7e125c9d-8ba6-4801-9259-450561b7c1a0-link\">8<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/heading","attrs":{"style":{"elements":{"link":{"color":{"text":"var:preset|color|red"}}}},"textColor":"red","textAlign":"","content":null,"level":2,"levelOptions":[],"placeholder":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"align":"","className":"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color has-link-color","backgroundColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color has-link-color\">Feminization and sociotechnological changes<\/h2>\n","innerContent":["\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color has-link-color\">Feminization and sociotechnological changes<\/h2>\n"],"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color has-link-color\">Feminization and sociotechnological changes<\/h2>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":null,"dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>These issues raise the need to consider how sociodemographic changes in the legal professions (feminization) relate to other changes in these professions, and in particular to emerging sociotechnical changes (digital and AI). In particular, we need to target the contrasting appropriations of digital technologies by legal professionals (notaries and their employees, but also lawyers and in-house counsel), especially AI, and their varying effects on jobs, work and customer relations, in a context of tertiarization or post-industrial transition that has promoted female employment but also the erosion of salaried employment. These technological changes raise a number of questions, including their impacts in terms of reproducing or even increasing inequalities, but also in terms of working conditions, between professionals on the margins and those who are not, those with the resources to invest in innovation and the others.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>These issues raise the need to consider how sociodemographic changes in the legal professions (feminization) relate to other changes in these professions, and in particular to emerging sociotechnical changes (digital and AI). In particular, we need to target the contrasting appropriations of digital technologies by legal professionals (notaries and their employees, but also lawyers and in-house counsel), especially AI, and their varying effects on jobs, work and customer relations, in a context of tertiarization or post-industrial transition that has promoted female employment but also the erosion of salaried employment. These technological changes raise a number of questions, including their impacts in terms of reproducing or even increasing inequalities, but also in terms of working conditions, between professionals on the margins and those who are not, those with the resources to invest in innovation and the others.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>These issues raise the need to consider how sociodemographic changes in the legal professions (feminization) relate to other changes in these professions, and in particular to emerging sociotechnical changes (digital and AI). In particular, we need to target the contrasting appropriations of digital technologies by legal professionals (notaries and their employees, but also lawyers and in-house counsel), especially AI, and their varying effects on jobs, work and customer relations, in a context of tertiarization or post-industrial transition that has promoted female employment but also the erosion of salaried employment. These technological changes raise a number of questions, including their impacts in terms of reproducing or even increasing inequalities, but also in terms of working conditions, between professionals on the margins and those who are not, those with the resources to invest in innovation and the others.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":null,"dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p><strong>For further information : <\/strong><\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p><strong>For further information : <\/strong><\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p><strong>For further information : <\/strong><\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/footnotes","attrs":{"lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"","innerContent":[],"rendered":""},{"blockName":"core\/paragraph","attrs":{"align":"","content":null,"dropCap":false,"placeholder":"","direction":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":"","backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p><\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p><\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p><\/p>\n"}],"seo":{"title":"Why is feminization not synonymous with equality? The gender of legal professions"},"media":{"img":"<img width=\"512\" height=\"342\" src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Notaire_Notaire-rue-de-Crosne-a-Rouen_Frederic-BISSON_-Flickr_vign.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Notaire, rue de Crosne \u00e0 Rouen\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Notaire_Notaire-rue-de-Crosne-a-Rouen_Frederic-BISSON_-Flickr_vign.jpg 512w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Notaire_Notaire-rue-de-Crosne-a-Rouen_Frederic-BISSON_-Flickr_vign-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/>","src":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Notaire_Notaire-rue-de-Crosne-a-Rouen_Frederic-BISSON_-Flickr_vign.jpg"},"url":"\/en\/articles\/why-is-feminization-not-synonymous-with-equality-the-gender-of-legal-professions\/","related":{"post":[],"author":[{"title":"Corinne Delmas","url":"\/en\/authors\/corinne-delmas\/","id":"8468","media":"<img width=\"60\" height=\"60\" src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Corinne-Delmas_vign-60x60.png\" class=\"attachment-author-thumb size-author-thumb wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Corinne-Delmas_vign-60x60.png 60w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Corinne-Delmas_vign-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 60px) 100vw, 60px\" \/>","slug":"corinne-delmas"}],"subject":[{"title":"Economics &#038; Society","url":"\/en\/subjects\/economics-society\/","id":"124","media":"<img width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Ecole-des-ponts-webmagazine-economie.jpg\" class=\"attachment- size- wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Ecole-des-ponts-webmagazine-economie.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Ecole-des-ponts-webmagazine-economie-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Ecole-des-ponts-webmagazine-economie-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Ecole-des-ponts-webmagazine-economie-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>","slug":"economics-society"}],"category":[{"title":"Article collection","url":"\/en\/articles\/category\/dossier\/","id":"1720","media":"","slug":"dossier","_related_post_type":"folder"},{"title":"Articles","url":"\/en\/articles\/category\/articles\/","id":"1716","media":"","slug":"articles","_related_post_type":""}],"folder":[{"title":"Exploring gender issues","url":"\/en\/folders\/exploring-gender-issues\/","id":"8422","media":"<img width=\"424\" height=\"294\" src=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Pole-diversite-et-reussite-de-lEcole-polytechnique-Credit-Ecole-polytechnique-J-Barande.jpg\" class=\"attachment- size- wp-post-image\" alt=\"Cr\u00e9dit Image : modifi\u00e9e \u00e0 partir de  P\u00f4le diversit\u00e9 et r\u00e9ussite de l&#039;\u00c9cole polytechnique \u2013 \u00a9 \u00c9cole polytechnique \/ J. Barande \u2013 Licence CC BY-SA 2.0 via Flickr\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Pole-diversite-et-reussite-de-lEcole-polytechnique-Credit-Ecole-polytechnique-J-Barande.jpg 424w, https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Pole-diversite-et-reussite-de-lEcole-polytechnique-Credit-Ecole-polytechnique-J-Barande-300x208.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 424px) 100vw, 424px\" \/>","slug":"exploring-gender-issues"}]},"translated":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/articles\/pourquoi-la-feminisation-nest-elle-pas-synonyme-degalite-le-genre-des-metiers-du-droit\/","icon":"icon-article","duration":"6","custom_excerpt":"<strong>The feminization of professions does not always go hand in hand with equality.<\/strong> Behind the apparent parity of statistics, deep and persistent forms of gender inequality endure. Using the example of legal professions, this article demonstrates how sociology provides insight into the mechanisms hindering women's access to the most esteemed positions.","duration_type":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8373","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8373"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8373\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8470,"href":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8373\/revisions\/8470"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8383"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8373"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"article-types","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/article-types?post=8373"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}